Difference between revisions of "Transmission Barriers"
m (→Face masks) |
m (→Hand Hygiene) |
||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
=Hand Hygiene= | =Hand Hygiene= | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==What is already known== | ||
* Coronavirus can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. <Ref>Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection.</ref>. This is good news for the Alcohol Handrug Formula that WHO prescribes. <Ref>Guide to Local Production: [https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations]. </ref> | * Coronavirus can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. <Ref>Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection.</ref>. This is good news for the Alcohol Handrug Formula that WHO prescribes. <Ref>Guide to Local Production: [https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations]. </ref> | ||
| + | * Coronaviruses have a viral envelope, which makes them potentially susceptible to surface-active agents such as soap and alcohol. In vitro, several hand-rub products with an alcohol content of at least 75% reduced SARS-CoV-1 virus load by at least 4 log units and wine vinegar and 70% ethanol reduced SARS-CoV-1 load by more than 3 log units. It seems reasonable to extrapolate these results to SARS-CoV-2.<Ref name="CEBM-Hand">[https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/hand-disinfectant-and-covid-19/ Hand Disinfectant and COVID-19]. The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. COVID-19 Evidence. March 17, 2020</ref> | ||
| + | * In a study of over 20,000 person-years, outpatient visits for respiratory illness were 45% lower among army recruits who washed their hand at least five times a day compared with controls. Jefferson et al reviewed physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. They reported an odds ratio of 0.54 for respiratory infections in those who washed their hands frequently, compared with controls.<Ref name="CEBM-Hand"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Observations== | ||
| + | * Strict hand hygiene is one of the pillars of COVID19 prevention and control. <Ref>WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Analysis and interpretation== | ||
| + | * The advice of strict hand-hygiene in community settings, cannot always be followed, for example in communities that have no access to safe drinking water. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Consequences for Action== | ||
| + | * Translation of the advice for hand-hygiene to poor resource settings is needed | ||
=References= | =References= | ||
Revision as of 14:01, 3 April 2020
This page collects observations, interpretations, and consequences action about the epidemiology of SARS-CoV2 in general. Please observe the structure of the page, when you add your content. Please use references where possible. Remember to find the relevant page. For example, if your observation is about transmission routes, please use that page, instead of posting your content here.
Contents
Face masks
What is already known=
- Small, short-term study: Surgical masks worn by patients reduce aerosols shedding of virus. The abundance of viral copies in fine particle aerosols and evidence for their infectiousness suggests an important role in seasonal influenza transmission.
- Larger study: A 50% compliance in donning the device resulted in a significant (at least 50% prevalence and 20% cumulative incidence) reduction in risk for fitted and unfitted N95 respirators, high-filtration surgical masks, and both low-filtration and high-filtration pediatric masks.
- Meta-analysis of studies: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicated a protective effect of masks and respirators against clinical respiratory illness (CRI) (risk ratio [RR] = 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.46-0.77) and influenza-like illness (ILI) (RR = 0.34; 95% CI:0.14-0.82)
Observations
Analysis and interpretation
Consequences for action
Hand Hygiene
What is already known
- Coronavirus can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. [1]. This is good news for the Alcohol Handrug Formula that WHO prescribes. [2]
- Coronaviruses have a viral envelope, which makes them potentially susceptible to surface-active agents such as soap and alcohol. In vitro, several hand-rub products with an alcohol content of at least 75% reduced SARS-CoV-1 virus load by at least 4 log units and wine vinegar and 70% ethanol reduced SARS-CoV-1 load by more than 3 log units. It seems reasonable to extrapolate these results to SARS-CoV-2.[3]
- In a study of over 20,000 person-years, outpatient visits for respiratory illness were 45% lower among army recruits who washed their hand at least five times a day compared with controls. Jefferson et al reviewed physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. They reported an odds ratio of 0.54 for respiratory infections in those who washed their hands frequently, compared with controls.[3]
Observations
- Strict hand hygiene is one of the pillars of COVID19 prevention and control. [4]
Analysis and interpretation
- The advice of strict hand-hygiene in community settings, cannot always be followed, for example in communities that have no access to safe drinking water.
Consequences for Action
- Translation of the advice for hand-hygiene to poor resource settings is needed
References
- ↑ Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection.
- ↑ Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hand Disinfectant and COVID-19. The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. COVID-19 Evidence. March 17, 2020
- ↑ WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
