Transmission routes - Revision history

Bosmana: /* Observations */

2020-10-01T18:09:32Z

‎Observations

Bosmana: /* Choir singing and Corona risk */

2020-07-04T16:03:43Z

‎Choir singing and Corona risk

Bosmana at 16:00, 4 July 2020

2020-07-04T16:00:54Z

Bosmana: /* Observations */

2020-05-02T16:12:05Z

‎Observations

Bosmana: /* Choir singing and Corona risk */

2020-05-02T16:09:46Z

‎Choir singing and Corona risk

Bosmana: /* Consequences for action */

2020-05-02T16:07:04Z

‎Consequences for action

Bosmana: /* Analysis and interpretation */

2020-05-02T16:05:45Z

‎Analysis and interpretation

Bosmana: /* Observations */

2020-05-02T16:03:52Z

‎Observations

Bosmana: /* Observations */

2020-05-02T15:54:41Z

‎Observations

Bosmana: /* Observations */

2020-05-02T15:49:02Z

‎Observations

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 ==Observations==
 * SARS-CoV2 stability in aerosol was experimentally tested, where authors measure the viability of virus on surfaces, after aerosol nebulizing <Ref name="Doremalen2020"/>
 ==Analysis and interpretation==
 * Does 'viability on surface' mean that the virus is still (biologically) infectious? I would be hesitant to extrapolate the findings of Doremalen to that conclusion.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 4 July 2020
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	* What we know: Speech and other vocal activities such as singing have been shown to generate air particles, with the rate of emission corresponding to voice loudness. <ref>Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Aerosol emission and super emissions during human speech increase with voice loudness. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6382806/ Sci Rep 2019;9:2348. 10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z]</ref>. Singing is comparable to continuous coughing, as demonstrated by spread of tuberculosis. <ref>Loudon RG, Roberts RM. Singing and the dissemination of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 98: 297–300.</ref>		* What we know: Speech and other vocal activities such as singing have been shown to generate air particles, with the rate of emission corresponding to voice loudness. <ref>Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Aerosol emission and super emissions during human speech increase with voice loudness. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6382806/ Sci Rep 2019;9:2348. 10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z]</ref>. Singing is comparable to continuous coughing, as demonstrated by spread of tuberculosis. <ref>Loudon RG, Roberts RM. Singing and the dissemination of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 98: 297–300.</ref>
		+
		+	* A study of choir practice attendees suggests that transmission of COVID-19 was facilitated by close proximity and physical contact and may have been augmented by the act of singing. <Ref> Hamner L, Dubbel P, Capron I, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice - Skagit County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(19):606-610. Published 2020 May 15. 2020</ref>

	==Analysis and interpretation==		==Analysis and interpretation==

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 * Some authors report that diarrhea is a common symptom of COVID19. <Ref name="Rothan2020"/>
 * Others report that diarrhea is not common everywhere (5% in China, 17% in Singapore), and may be a coincidental symptom. <Ref name="Ong2020">Ong, John, Barnaby Edward Young, and Sharon Ong. "COVID-19 in gastroenterology: a clinical perspective." Gut (2020).</ref>
 ==Analysis and interpretation==
 * The question raises, whether we should anticipate transmission routes as observed with SARS (via sewage overflow and aerosols)

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 ==Observations==
 * Several choir-based outbreaks of COVID19 have been observed. The specific risks of singing together, even when respecting 6 feet distance, have not been investigated. <ref>A choir decided to go ahead with rehearsal. Now dozens of members have COVID-19 and two
-are dead. Los Angeles Times. [https://josiebrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Choir-practice-turns-fatal.-Coronavirus-is-to-blame-Los-Angeles-Times.pdf By RICHARD READ; SEATTLE BUREAU CHIEF: MARCH 29, 2020].</ref> <ref>Wei, W. E., Li, Z., Chiew, C. J., Yong, S. E., Toh, M. P., & Lee, V. J. (2020). Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 411.</ref> <ref>Mangara, B. T., Napolitano, E. C., Passannante, M. R., McDonald, R. J., & Reichman, L. B. (1998). Mycobacterium tuberculosis miniepidemic in a church gospel choir. Chest, 113(1), 234-237.</ref>
+are dead. Los Angeles Times. [https://josiebrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Choir-practice-turns-fatal.-Coronavirus-is-to-blame-Los-Angeles-Times.pdf By RICHARD READ; SEATTLE BUREAU CHIEF: MARCH 29, 2020].</ref> <ref>Wei, W. E., Li, Z., Chiew, C. J., Yong, S. E., Toh, M. P., & Lee, V. J. (2020). Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 411.</ref> <ref>Mangara, B. T., Napolitano, E. C., Passannante, M. R., McDonald, R. J., & Reichman, L. B. (1998). Mycobacterium tuberculosis miniepidemic in a church gospel choir. Chest, 113(1), 234-237.</ref> <ref>45 of 60 People Who Went to Washington Choir Practice Have Coronavirus. [https://www.thedailybeast.com/coronavirus-strikes-45-of-60-people-who-went-to-mount-vernon-washington-choir-practice?fbclid=IwAR0gnUfcx2mMn6-aKCV_Iu6cPNIoCO8TCmDsQrNGl6muG9--H22otyK9LbM The Daily Beast. Tracy Connor Executive Editor Published Mar. 30, 2020]</ref>
 ** A video with observations from Korea provides some insights (the video starts at 11:30, but you can watch all of it if you want to):
 {{#ev:youtube|gAk7aX5hksU|||||start=690}}

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 ==Observations==
 * Several choir-based outbreaks of COVID19 have been observed. The specific risks of singing together, even when respecting 6 feet distance, have not been investigated. <ref>A choir decided to go ahead with rehearsal. Now dozens of members have COVID-19 and two
-are dead. Los Angeles Times. [https://josiebrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Choir-practice-turns-fatal.-Coronavirus-is-to-blame-Los-Angeles-Times.pdf By RICHARD READ; SEATTLE BUREAU CHIEF: MARCH 29, 2020].</ref> <ref>Wei, W. E., Li, Z., Chiew, C. J., Yong, S. E., Toh, M. P., & Lee, V. J. (2020). Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 411.</ref>
+are dead. Los Angeles Times. [https://josiebrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Choir-practice-turns-fatal.-Coronavirus-is-to-blame-Los-Angeles-Times.pdf By RICHARD READ; SEATTLE BUREAU CHIEF: MARCH 29, 2020].</ref> <ref>Wei, W. E., Li, Z., Chiew, C. J., Yong, S. E., Toh, M. P., & Lee, V. J. (2020). Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 411.</ref> <ref>Mangara, B. T., Napolitano, E. C., Passannante, M. R., McDonald, R. J., & Reichman, L. B. (1998). Mycobacterium tuberculosis miniepidemic in a church gospel choir. Chest, 113(1), 234-237.</ref>
 ** A video with observations from Korea provides some insights (the video starts at 11:30, but you can watch all of it if you want to):
 {{#ev:youtube|gAk7aX5hksU|||||start=690}}
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 * Other outbreaks, such as the one at the South Korean Call Centre, suggest that aerosol (airborne) transmission could play a part, in addition to droplet and indirect transmission. <ref>Suggested citation for this article: Park SY, Kim YM, Yi S, Lee S, Na BJ, Kim CB, et al. Coronavirus disease outbreak in call center, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Aug [early release, cited on 2 May 2020]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201274</ref>
-* What we know: Speech and other vocal activities such as singing have been shown to generate air particles, with the rate of emission corresponding to voice loudness. <ref>7. Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Aerosol emission and super emissions during human speech increase with voice loudness. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6382806/ Sci Rep 2019;9:2348. 10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z]</ref>. Singing is comparable to continuous coughing, as demonstrated by spread of tuberculosis. <ref>Loudon RG, Roberts RM. Singing and the dissemination of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 98: 297–300.</ref>
+* What we know: Speech and other vocal activities such as singing have been shown to generate air particles, with the rate of emission corresponding to voice loudness. <ref>Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Aerosol emission and super emissions during human speech increase with voice loudness. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6382806/ Sci Rep 2019;9:2348. 10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z]</ref>. Singing is comparable to continuous coughing, as demonstrated by spread of tuberculosis. <ref>Loudon RG, Roberts RM. Singing and the dissemination of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 98: 297–300.</ref>
 ==Analysis and interpretation==

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:07, 2 May 2020
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	==Consequences for action==		==Consequences for action==
		+	* In prevention programmes for COVID19, specific attention should go out to advising choirs and other singing groups.

	=References=		=References=

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 ==Analysis and interpretation==
 ==Consequences for action==
 =References=