- User contributions [en]

Covid January 2020

2024-08-20T15:00:25Z

C19bosmana: /* 31 January (9,826 cases) */

==January 2020==
=== 1 January===
* Taiwan is already implementing health precautions: arrivals on direct flights from Wuhan are being screened for flu-like symptoms on the tarmac in Taipei before they can disembark.

===4 January (44 cases)===
* WHO announced it would work across its 3 levels – country office, regional office and HQ – to track the situation and share details as they emerged.
* China has reported to WHO a cluster of #pneumonia cases —with no deaths— in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Investigations are underway to identify the cause of this illness.
* Singapore and Hong Kong will be monitoring arrivals from the city at their borders.
* In Wuhan, eight people accused of spreading “rumours” about the disease are summoned to the Public Security Bureau. Another who will be reprimanded is a Wuhan ophthalmologist, Li Wenliang, for showing a group of his medical school alumni an analysis of the virus he believed was Sars.<Ref name="GuardianTimeline">100 days that changed the world. Michael Safi. The Guardian. 7 April 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2020/apr/08/coronavirus-100-days-that-changed-the-world</ref>
** Phrases such as “unknown Wuhan pneumonia” and “Wuhan seafood market” are already censored on YY, a popular live-streaming platform. <Ref name="GuardianTimeline"/>

===5 January (59 cases)===
* WHO published its risk assessment and advice and reported on the status of patients and the public health response by national authorities to the cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan.

===9 January (59 cases)===
* ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment (RRA) on COVID19 <Ref name="ECDCRRA">Pneumonia cases possibly associated with a novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/pneumonia-cases-possibly-associated-novel-coronavirus-wuhan-china ECDC. RRA. 9 January 2020]</ref>
** "Considering there is no indication of human-to-human transmission and no cases detected outside of China, the likelihood of introduction to the EU is considered to be low, but cannot be excluded."

===10 January (59 cases)===
* WHO issues its first guidance on the novel coronavirus <Ref name="WHO first tool">National capacities review tool for a novel coronavirus. [https://www.who.int/publications-detail/national-capacities-review-tool-for-a-novelcoronavirus WHO technical guidance. 9 January 2020. Publication] </ref>
** Developed with reference to other coronaviruses, such as SARS and MERS, WHO issued a tool for countries to check their ability to detect and respond to a novel coronavirus.
** This information is to help with identifying main gaps, assessing risks and planning for additional investigations, response and control actions.
* Li Wenliang, the ophthalmologist in Wuhan who blew the whistle on this outbreak, starts to show symptoms.<Ref name="GuardianTimeline"/>

===12 January (59 cases)===
* WHO News Item: <Ref>WHO. Novel Coronavirus – China. [https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/ Disease outbreak news: Update. 12 January 2020]</ref>
** China shares the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus, which will be very important for other countries as they develop specific diagnostic kits.
** Whole genome sequences for the novel #coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from the Chinese authorities were shared with WHO and have also been submitted by Chinese authorities to the GISAID platform so that they can be accessed by public health authorities, laboratories and researchers. <nowiki><blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Whole genome sequences for the novel <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/coronavirus?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#coronavirus</a> (2019-nCoV) from the Chinese🇨🇳 authorities were shared with WHO and have also been submitted by Chinese authorities to the GISAID platform so that they can be accessed by public health authorities, laboratories and researchers. <a href="https://t.co/wmtGfI4dWl">pic.twitter.com/wmtGfI4dWl</a></p>— World Health Organization (WHO) (@WHO) <a href="https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1216124597952745472?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 11, 2020</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></nowiki>

===13 January (60 cases)===
* Officials confirmed a case of the novel coronavirus in Thailand. It was not unexpected that cases of the novel coronavirus would emerge outside of China and reinforces why WHO calls for active monitoring and preparedness in other countries.
* On 13 January 2020, the #Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health @pr_moph reported the first imported case of lab-confirmed novel #coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from #Wuhan, #China https://t.co/Wr6VZTnCj2

===16 January (61 cases)===

===17 January (66 cases)===

===18 January (83 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 300 000 Passengers/month EU <--> China
** Novel coronavirus circulates in China
** 2 cases ex China in Thailand; 1 in Japan
**Returning travelers with fever should consult a physician & inform of China visit
* WHO
* Case def, lab guidance, case management

===21 January (392 cases)===
* WHO Joint Mission to China
** The delegation observed and discussed active surveillance processes, temperature screening at Wuhan Tianhe airport, laboratory facilities, infection prevention and control measures at Zhongnan hospital and its associated fever clinics, and the deployment of a test kit to detect the virus.
** The delegation also discussed public communication efforts and China's plan to expand the case definition for the novel coronavirus, which will build a clearer picture of the spectrum of severity of the virus.
** At the end of the visit, the Chinese Government released the primers and probes used in the test kit for the novel coronavirus to help other countries detect it. Chinese experts also shared a range of protocols that will be used in developing international guidelines, including case definitions, clinical management protocols and infection control.

===22 January (534 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-coronavirus ECDC RRA COVID19] (#1)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** further global spread is likely;
** there is currently a moderate likelihood of infection for EU/EEA travelers visiting Wuhan;
** there is a high likelihood of case importation into countries with the greatest volume of people traveling to and from Wuhan (i.e. countries in Asia);
** there is a moderate likelihood of detecting cases imported into EU/EEA countries;
** adherence to appropriate infection prevention and control practices, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries with direct links to Wuhan, means that the likelihood of a case reported in the EU resulting in secondary cases within the EU/EEA is low.

===23 January (631 cases)===
* On 22-23 February, the WHO Director-General convened the Emergency Committee to consider the outbreak of the novel coronavirus in China, with cases also reported in the Republic of Korea, Japan, Thailand and Singapore.
* Several Committee members considered it still too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), given its restrictive and binary nature. Among other recommendations, the Committee advised that it be recalled in approximately 10 days

===25 January (1,350 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Wuhan outbreak evolves rapidly
** Cases in 9 other countries outside China
** Person to Person spread likely
* WHO
** Launch of a free online introductory course on the novel coronavirus

===26 January (2,023 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-0 ECDC RRA COVID19] (#2)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** further global spread is likely;
** there is currently a moderate likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens residing in or visiting Wuhan, Hubei province, China;
** there is a high likelihood of further case importation into countries with the greatest volume of people who have travelled from Wuhan, Hubei Province (i.e. countries in Asia);
** there is a moderate likelihood of further case importation into EU/EEA countries;
** adherence to appropriate infection prevention and control practices, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries with direct links to Hubei, means that the likelihood of a case detected in the EU resulting in secondary cases within the EU/EEA is low;
** the impact of the late detection of an imported case in an EU/EEA country without the application of appropriate infection prevention and control measures would be high, therefore in such a scenario the risk of secondary transmission in the community setting is estimated to be very high

===27 January ===
* RKI discusses the use of masks in their daily 2019-nCoV crisismeeting
** It is argued that facial masks for asymptomatic persons in community settings is not useful, based on the fact that there is no evidence that this contributes to lowering infection risks
** In the same meeting, they conclude that it is useful to use masks for care-givers in close contact with 2019-nCoV cases. This seems to suggest that masks contribute to lowering infection risk. This dichotomy in thinking is not further elaborated.<ref>Koordinierungsstelle des RKI Agenda der 2019nCoV-Lage-AG; 27 Januar 2020</ref>

===30 January (7,823 cases)===
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) WHO declares: 2019-nCoV = PHEIC]
** Temporary recommendations under IHR
** Acknowledging that cases have been reported in five WHO regions in one month, the Committee noted that early detection, isolating and treating cases, contact tracing and social distancing measures – in line with the level of risk – can all work to interrupt virus spread.

=31 January (9,826 cases)=
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-1 ECDC RRA COVID19] (#3)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** the likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens residing in or visiting Hubei province is estimated to be high;
** the likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens in other Chinese provinces is moderate and will increase;
** there is a moderate-to-high likelihood of additional imported cases in the EU/EEA;
** the likelihood of observing further limited human-to-human transmission within the EU/EEA is estimated as very low to low if cases are detected early and appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are implemented, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries;
** assuming that cases in the EU/EEA are detected in a timely manner and that rigorous IPC measures are applied, the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission within the EU/EEA is currently very low to low;
** the late detection of an imported case in an EU/EEA country without the application of appropriate infection prevention and control measures would result in the high likelihood of human-to-human transmission, therefore in such a scenario, the risk of secondary transmission in the community setting is estimated to be high.

* The RKI coordination team discussed this ECDC RRA, and acknowledges the importance of early detection and rigorous IPC measures.<ref>Lagezentrum des RKI Ergebnisprotokoll der 2019nCoV-Lage-AG, 31 Januar 2020</ref>

=References=
<References/>

Covid February 2020

2024-08-20T14:53:37Z

C19bosmana: /* 10 February (40,540 cases) */

==February==
===1 February (11,946 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 16 cases in EU (5 countries), with local transmission
** China takes unprecedented control measures
** Potential impact of 2019-nCoV is high
** Moderate-High likelihood of more imported cases in EU
** Likelihood of human-human transmission in EU is low if early detection of cases and adherence to appropriate IPC practices are implemented, in particular in health care settings

===3 February (17,372 cases)===
* Rapid Communication Eurosurveillance
** 38 labs in 24 EU countries had COVID19 tests available
** Availability of primers/probes, positive controls and personnel were main implementation barriers

===5 February (24,522 cases)===
* Global community asks for US$675 million to help protect vulnerable countries from the outbreak

===8 February (34,933 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 9 EU countries with cases (31)

===10 February (40,540 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://web.archive.org/web/20200211100323/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidelines-use-non-pharmaceutical-measures-delay-and-mitigate-impact-2019-ncov Guidelines for the use of non-pharmaceutical measures to delay and mitigate the impact of 2019-nCoV]”
** Hand Hygiene
** Respiratory Hygiene (“Cough Etiquette”)
** Face Masks & Respirators
*** In Health care: Surgical mask for suspected COVID19 cases. FFP masks for HCW during assessment & management
*** In other high exposures: Surgical masks for care providers of suspect COVID19 cases and those with extensive public contact
*** In Community: By individuals with respiratory symptoms before seeking medical attention
** Other PPE:
*** HCW caring for COVID19, especially when aerosol-generating procedures.
** Social distancing
*** Voluntary isolation of COVID19 cases in the community.
*** Close contacts: Isolation at home & active daily monitoring
*** Casual contacts: Self-monitoring
** Schools:
*** school children are considered to be one of the main drivers of respiratory virus spread in the community. It is not yet known how much nCoV2 transmission will occur among children
*** proactive school closures may be considered if there is ongoing transmission of 2019-nCoV in an area.

* RKI meets with the national 2019-nCoV coordination team, and discuss the 14 2019-nCoV German cases and the observation that transmission to contacts seems to occur early in the infection, even when the level of contact is low. They also discuss observations that transmission can occur from asymptomatic cases and how this necessitates broad and sensitive test criteria to identify infected individuals.<ref>Koordinierungsstelle des RKI Agenda der 2019nCoV-Lage-AG 10 Februar 2020</ref>
** The ECDC publication was not discussed in this light, nor the consequence for recommendations on mask-wearing

===11 February (43,105 cases)===
* Novel coronavirus disease named COVID-19
* WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros, announces a UN crisis management structure, led by 'my general' Dr Mike Ryan. In addition, Dr Tedros says that every country should take this virus very seriously. He is losing sleep over it, and he expects that every government should lose sleep over it. This virus should be seen as 'public health enemy nr 1' (see video at 30 minutes)
** "There is a window of opportunity. If we lose it, we will regret it. You need to hit hard, fast" (see video at 13 minutes)
{{#ev:youtube|hd2QoYt5Fcw|||||start=1785}}

===12 February (45,177 cases)===
* Research and innovation forum sets priorities for COVID-19 research
** More than 400 experts and funders met at WHO’s Geneva HQ to accelerate research to stop the COVID-19 outbreak. Featuring updates from the frontlines of the response in China, the meeting addressed issues such as: developing easy-to-apply diagnostics, accelerating existing vaccine candidates and preventing infection
* UN activates WHO-led Crisis Management Team
** The Crisis Management Team (CMT) mechanism brings together WHO, OCHA, IMO, UNICEF, ICAO, WFP, FAO, the World Bank and several UN Secretariat departments.
** The CMT will be managed by the Executive Director of WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Dr Mike Ryan. It will help WHO focus on the health response while the other agencies will bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak

===13 February (60,328 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-community-engagement-public-health-events-caused-communicable-disease Guidance on community engagement for public health events caused by communicable disease threats in the EU/EEA]”:
** Through all three phases of the preparedness cycle
**# Recognise the community as a partner
**# Develop an understanding of community perceptions
**# Optimise communications with at-risk communities
**# Invest in a trusted spokesperson and long-term media relations.
** Anticipation phase
**# Map stakeholders and integrate them into preparedness planning
**# Develop an accessible and inclusive preparedness and response training program
**# Cultivate relationships with communities engaged in disease surveillance
**# Engage with pre-existing community networks and infrastructures
**# Set a research agenda in collaboration with community partners.
** Response phase
**# Coordinate distribution of information, protective equipment and other resources for and with community partners
**# If using an all-hazards approach, recognize the special character of infectious disease outbreaks and act accordingly
**# Facilitate resolving of possible issues with community-level financial losses.
** Recovery phase
**# Integrate and document community engagement in evaluation processes
**# Promote community debriefing, dialogue and a culture of shared learning.

===14 February (64,543 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-risk-assessment-14-february-2020.pdf.pdf ECDC RRA COVID19] (#4)
** It is important that countries consider the roll-out of primary diagnostic testing capacity to local clinical and diagnostic laboratories.
** Confirmatory testing remains the responsibility of the referral or reference laboratories.
** Therefore, positive specimens should still be shipped for second detection assay and possible sequencing to referral or reference laboratories.
** During the containment phase, extensive tracing and risk assessment of contacts of probable and confirmed cases detected in EU/EEA countries is required in order to minimize the further spread and to strengthen the evidence base on the characteristics and transmission pattern of the disease.
** Suspected, probable or confirmed cases of COVID19 should be reported to the public health authorities and managed in accordance with national guidance and/or WHO’s patient management guidelines

===15 February (67,103 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Further P-P transmission in EU
** Hospital associated transmission suspected in 41% of hospitalized Wuhan patients
* WHO
** "We must be guided by solidarity, not stigma. The greatest enemy we face is not the virus itself; it’s the stigma that turns us against each other. We must stop stigma and hate.“ Dr. Tedros

===17 February (71,332 cases)===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200701161406/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331004 WHO issues guidance on mass gathering and taking care of ill travelers]
** Based on lessons from H1N1 and Ebola, WHO has outlined planning considerations for organizers of mass gatherings, in light of the COVID-19 outbreak. It has also issued advice on how to detect and take care of ill travelers, who are suspected COVID-19 cases.

===18 February (73,327 cases)===
* WHO has shipped supplies of personal protective equipment to 21 countries.
** By the end of this week, 40 countries in Africa and 29 in the Americas are due to have the ability to detect COVID-19

===21 February (76,719 cases)===
* WHO Director-General warns that the window of opportunity is “narrowing”
* Special envoys on COVID-19 selected
** Professor Dr Maha El Rabbat, former Minister of Health of Egypt;
** Dr David Nabarro, former special adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General
** Dr John Nkengasong, Director of the African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention;
** Dr Mirta Roses, former Director of the WHO Region of the Americas;
** Dr Shin Young-soo, former Regional Director of the WHO Region of the Western Pacific;
** Professor Samba Sow, Director-General of the Center for Vaccine Development in Mali.

===22 February (77,804 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

=== 23 February (78,812 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

===24 February (79,339 cases)===
* UN Secretary-General António Guterres met with the WHO Director-General and other WHO leaders, receiving a briefing on COVID-19, Ebola and polio. He expressed great admiration for health workers, including in China, who are working tirelessly to save lives. The UN Secretary-General also stressed that there is no space for stigma and discrimination and said we must be guided by science and human rights-based interventions
* A team of experts from WHO and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) will focus on: understanding how events developed, learning from the Italian experience and supporting control and prevention efforts by the authorities.
* To limit further human to human transmission, WHO experts will provide support in the areas of clinical management, infection prevention and control, surveillance and risk communication.

===25 February (80,132 cases)===
* The team of 25 international and Chinese experts traveled to several different provinces, with a small group going to Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak.
** Among the team's findings was that the epidemic peaked and plateaued between the 23rd of January and the 2nd of February, and has been declining steadily since then. The team also estimates that the measures taken in China have averted a significant number of cases.
** In a press conference in Geneva on Tuesday 25 February, Dr Bruce Aylward, the mission's lead, reported back on what China has done, its impact and implications.
* The WHO Director-General has repeatedly called for "solidarity, not stigma" to address COVID-19.
** WHO has worked with UNICEF and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on a guide to preventing and addressing the social stigma associated with the disease.
** It's vital to fight stigma because it can drive people to hide the illness, not seek health care immediately and discourage them from adopting healthy behaviors.
** This guide includes some tips and messages, as well as dos and don'ts on language when talking about COVID-19.

===26 February (80,995 cases)===
* ECDC publishes Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of (COVID-19) patients
** Elements to be assessed have been divided into the following areas:
*** Establishment of a core team and key internal and external contact points
*** Human, material and facility capacity
*** Communication and data protection
*** Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), and waste management
*** Triage, first contact and prioritisation
*** Patient placement, moving of the patients in the facility, and visitor access
*** Environmental cleaning
*WHO: Get your workplace ready for COVID-19

===27 February (82,101 cases)===
* WHO: What every country should be asking itself
** Are we ready for the first case?
** Do we have enough medical oxygen, ventilators and other vital equipment?
** How will we know if there are cases in other areas of the country?
** Do our health workers have the training and equipment they need to stay safe?
** Do we have the right measures at airports and border crossings to test people who are sick?
** Do our labs have the right chemicals that allow them to test samples?
** Are we ready to treat patients with severe or critical disease?
** Do our hospitals and clinics have the right procedures to prevent and control infections?
** Do our people have the right information? Do they know what the disease looks like?

===28 February (83,365 cases)===
* WHO: What every individual can do to protect themselves and others

===29 February (85,203 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** In EU: 770 cases / 18 deaths in 19 countries

Covid February 2020

2024-08-20T14:52:27Z

C19bosmana: /* 10 February (40,540 cases) */

==February==
===1 February (11,946 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 16 cases in EU (5 countries), with local transmission
** China takes unprecedented control measures
** Potential impact of 2019-nCoV is high
** Moderate-High likelihood of more imported cases in EU
** Likelihood of human-human transmission in EU is low if early detection of cases and adherence to appropriate IPC practices are implemented, in particular in health care settings

===3 February (17,372 cases)===
* Rapid Communication Eurosurveillance
** 38 labs in 24 EU countries had COVID19 tests available
** Availability of primers/probes, positive controls and personnel were main implementation barriers

===5 February (24,522 cases)===
* Global community asks for US$675 million to help protect vulnerable countries from the outbreak

===8 February (34,933 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 9 EU countries with cases (31)

===10 February (40,540 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://web.archive.org/web/20200211100323/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidelines-use-non-pharmaceutical-measures-delay-and-mitigate-impact-2019-ncov Guidelines for the use of non-pharmaceutical measures to delay and mitigate the impact of 2019-nCoV]”
** Hand Hygiene
** Respiratory Hygiene (“Cough Etiquette”)
** Face Masks & Respirators
*** In Health care: Surgical mask for suspected COVID19 cases. FFP masks for HCW during assessment & management
*** In other high exposures: Surgical masks for care providers of suspect COVID19 cases and those with extensive public contact
*** In Community: By individuals with respiratory symptoms before seeking medical attention
** Other PPE:
*** HCW caring for COVID19, especially when aerosol-generating procedures.
** Social distancing
*** Voluntary isolation of COVID19 cases in the community.
*** Close contacts: Isolation at home & active daily monitoring
*** Casual contacts: Self-monitoring
** Schools:
*** school children are considered to be one of the main drivers of respiratory virus spread in the community. It is not yet known how much nCoV2 transmission will occur among children
*** proactive school closures may be considered if there is ongoing transmission of 2019-nCoV in an area.

* RKI meets with the national 2019-nCoV coordination team, and discuss the 14 2019-nCoV German cases and the observation that transmission to contacts seems to occur early in the infection, even when the level of contact is low. They also discuss observations that transmission can occur from asymptomatic cases and how this necessitates broad and sensitive test criteria to identify infected individuals.<ref>Koordinierungsstelle des RKI Agenda der 2019nCoV-Lage-AG 10 Februar 2020</ref>

===11 February (43,105 cases)===
* Novel coronavirus disease named COVID-19
* WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros, announces a UN crisis management structure, led by 'my general' Dr Mike Ryan. In addition, Dr Tedros says that every country should take this virus very seriously. He is losing sleep over it, and he expects that every government should lose sleep over it. This virus should be seen as 'public health enemy nr 1' (see video at 30 minutes)
** "There is a window of opportunity. If we lose it, we will regret it. You need to hit hard, fast" (see video at 13 minutes)
{{#ev:youtube|hd2QoYt5Fcw|||||start=1785}}

===12 February (45,177 cases)===
* Research and innovation forum sets priorities for COVID-19 research
** More than 400 experts and funders met at WHO’s Geneva HQ to accelerate research to stop the COVID-19 outbreak. Featuring updates from the frontlines of the response in China, the meeting addressed issues such as: developing easy-to-apply diagnostics, accelerating existing vaccine candidates and preventing infection
* UN activates WHO-led Crisis Management Team
** The Crisis Management Team (CMT) mechanism brings together WHO, OCHA, IMO, UNICEF, ICAO, WFP, FAO, the World Bank and several UN Secretariat departments.
** The CMT will be managed by the Executive Director of WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Dr Mike Ryan. It will help WHO focus on the health response while the other agencies will bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak

===13 February (60,328 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-community-engagement-public-health-events-caused-communicable-disease Guidance on community engagement for public health events caused by communicable disease threats in the EU/EEA]”:
** Through all three phases of the preparedness cycle
**# Recognise the community as a partner
**# Develop an understanding of community perceptions
**# Optimise communications with at-risk communities
**# Invest in a trusted spokesperson and long-term media relations.
** Anticipation phase
**# Map stakeholders and integrate them into preparedness planning
**# Develop an accessible and inclusive preparedness and response training program
**# Cultivate relationships with communities engaged in disease surveillance
**# Engage with pre-existing community networks and infrastructures
**# Set a research agenda in collaboration with community partners.
** Response phase
**# Coordinate distribution of information, protective equipment and other resources for and with community partners
**# If using an all-hazards approach, recognize the special character of infectious disease outbreaks and act accordingly
**# Facilitate resolving of possible issues with community-level financial losses.
** Recovery phase
**# Integrate and document community engagement in evaluation processes
**# Promote community debriefing, dialogue and a culture of shared learning.

===14 February (64,543 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-risk-assessment-14-february-2020.pdf.pdf ECDC RRA COVID19] (#4)
** It is important that countries consider the roll-out of primary diagnostic testing capacity to local clinical and diagnostic laboratories.
** Confirmatory testing remains the responsibility of the referral or reference laboratories.
** Therefore, positive specimens should still be shipped for second detection assay and possible sequencing to referral or reference laboratories.
** During the containment phase, extensive tracing and risk assessment of contacts of probable and confirmed cases detected in EU/EEA countries is required in order to minimize the further spread and to strengthen the evidence base on the characteristics and transmission pattern of the disease.
** Suspected, probable or confirmed cases of COVID19 should be reported to the public health authorities and managed in accordance with national guidance and/or WHO’s patient management guidelines

===15 February (67,103 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Further P-P transmission in EU
** Hospital associated transmission suspected in 41% of hospitalized Wuhan patients
* WHO
** "We must be guided by solidarity, not stigma. The greatest enemy we face is not the virus itself; it’s the stigma that turns us against each other. We must stop stigma and hate.“ Dr. Tedros

===17 February (71,332 cases)===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200701161406/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331004 WHO issues guidance on mass gathering and taking care of ill travelers]
** Based on lessons from H1N1 and Ebola, WHO has outlined planning considerations for organizers of mass gatherings, in light of the COVID-19 outbreak. It has also issued advice on how to detect and take care of ill travelers, who are suspected COVID-19 cases.

===18 February (73,327 cases)===
* WHO has shipped supplies of personal protective equipment to 21 countries.
** By the end of this week, 40 countries in Africa and 29 in the Americas are due to have the ability to detect COVID-19

===21 February (76,719 cases)===
* WHO Director-General warns that the window of opportunity is “narrowing”
* Special envoys on COVID-19 selected
** Professor Dr Maha El Rabbat, former Minister of Health of Egypt;
** Dr David Nabarro, former special adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General
** Dr John Nkengasong, Director of the African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention;
** Dr Mirta Roses, former Director of the WHO Region of the Americas;
** Dr Shin Young-soo, former Regional Director of the WHO Region of the Western Pacific;
** Professor Samba Sow, Director-General of the Center for Vaccine Development in Mali.

===22 February (77,804 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

=== 23 February (78,812 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

===24 February (79,339 cases)===
* UN Secretary-General António Guterres met with the WHO Director-General and other WHO leaders, receiving a briefing on COVID-19, Ebola and polio. He expressed great admiration for health workers, including in China, who are working tirelessly to save lives. The UN Secretary-General also stressed that there is no space for stigma and discrimination and said we must be guided by science and human rights-based interventions
* A team of experts from WHO and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) will focus on: understanding how events developed, learning from the Italian experience and supporting control and prevention efforts by the authorities.
* To limit further human to human transmission, WHO experts will provide support in the areas of clinical management, infection prevention and control, surveillance and risk communication.

===25 February (80,132 cases)===
* The team of 25 international and Chinese experts traveled to several different provinces, with a small group going to Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak.
** Among the team's findings was that the epidemic peaked and plateaued between the 23rd of January and the 2nd of February, and has been declining steadily since then. The team also estimates that the measures taken in China have averted a significant number of cases.
** In a press conference in Geneva on Tuesday 25 February, Dr Bruce Aylward, the mission's lead, reported back on what China has done, its impact and implications.
* The WHO Director-General has repeatedly called for "solidarity, not stigma" to address COVID-19.
** WHO has worked with UNICEF and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on a guide to preventing and addressing the social stigma associated with the disease.
** It's vital to fight stigma because it can drive people to hide the illness, not seek health care immediately and discourage them from adopting healthy behaviors.
** This guide includes some tips and messages, as well as dos and don'ts on language when talking about COVID-19.

===26 February (80,995 cases)===
* ECDC publishes Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of (COVID-19) patients
** Elements to be assessed have been divided into the following areas:
*** Establishment of a core team and key internal and external contact points
*** Human, material and facility capacity
*** Communication and data protection
*** Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), and waste management
*** Triage, first contact and prioritisation
*** Patient placement, moving of the patients in the facility, and visitor access
*** Environmental cleaning
*WHO: Get your workplace ready for COVID-19

===27 February (82,101 cases)===
* WHO: What every country should be asking itself
** Are we ready for the first case?
** Do we have enough medical oxygen, ventilators and other vital equipment?
** How will we know if there are cases in other areas of the country?
** Do our health workers have the training and equipment they need to stay safe?
** Do we have the right measures at airports and border crossings to test people who are sick?
** Do our labs have the right chemicals that allow them to test samples?
** Are we ready to treat patients with severe or critical disease?
** Do our hospitals and clinics have the right procedures to prevent and control infections?
** Do our people have the right information? Do they know what the disease looks like?

===28 February (83,365 cases)===
* WHO: What every individual can do to protect themselves and others

===29 February (85,203 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** In EU: 770 cases / 18 deaths in 19 countries

Covid January 2020

2024-08-20T14:45:40Z

C19bosmana: /* 27 January */

Covid January 2020

2024-08-20T14:44:48Z

C19bosmana:

==January 2020==
=== 1 January===
* Taiwan is already implementing health precautions: arrivals on direct flights from Wuhan are being screened for flu-like symptoms on the tarmac in Taipei before they can disembark.

===4 January (44 cases)===
* WHO announced it would work across its 3 levels – country office, regional office and HQ – to track the situation and share details as they emerged.
* China has reported to WHO a cluster of #pneumonia cases —with no deaths— in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Investigations are underway to identify the cause of this illness.
* Singapore and Hong Kong will be monitoring arrivals from the city at their borders.
* In Wuhan, eight people accused of spreading “rumours” about the disease are summoned to the Public Security Bureau. Another who will be reprimanded is a Wuhan ophthalmologist, Li Wenliang, for showing a group of his medical school alumni an analysis of the virus he believed was Sars.<Ref name="GuardianTimeline">100 days that changed the world. Michael Safi. The Guardian. 7 April 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2020/apr/08/coronavirus-100-days-that-changed-the-world</ref>
** Phrases such as “unknown Wuhan pneumonia” and “Wuhan seafood market” are already censored on YY, a popular live-streaming platform. <Ref name="GuardianTimeline"/>

===5 January (59 cases)===
* WHO published its risk assessment and advice and reported on the status of patients and the public health response by national authorities to the cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan.

===9 January (59 cases)===
* ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment (RRA) on COVID19 <Ref name="ECDCRRA">Pneumonia cases possibly associated with a novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/pneumonia-cases-possibly-associated-novel-coronavirus-wuhan-china ECDC. RRA. 9 January 2020]</ref>
** "Considering there is no indication of human-to-human transmission and no cases detected outside of China, the likelihood of introduction to the EU is considered to be low, but cannot be excluded."

===10 January (59 cases)===
* WHO issues its first guidance on the novel coronavirus <Ref name="WHO first tool">National capacities review tool for a novel coronavirus. [https://www.who.int/publications-detail/national-capacities-review-tool-for-a-novelcoronavirus WHO technical guidance. 9 January 2020. Publication] </ref>
** Developed with reference to other coronaviruses, such as SARS and MERS, WHO issued a tool for countries to check their ability to detect and respond to a novel coronavirus.
** This information is to help with identifying main gaps, assessing risks and planning for additional investigations, response and control actions.
* Li Wenliang, the ophthalmologist in Wuhan who blew the whistle on this outbreak, starts to show symptoms.<Ref name="GuardianTimeline"/>

===12 January (59 cases)===
* WHO News Item: <Ref>WHO. Novel Coronavirus – China. [https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/ Disease outbreak news: Update. 12 January 2020]</ref>
** China shares the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus, which will be very important for other countries as they develop specific diagnostic kits.
** Whole genome sequences for the novel #coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from the Chinese authorities were shared with WHO and have also been submitted by Chinese authorities to the GISAID platform so that they can be accessed by public health authorities, laboratories and researchers. <nowiki><blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Whole genome sequences for the novel <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/coronavirus?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#coronavirus</a> (2019-nCoV) from the Chinese🇨🇳 authorities were shared with WHO and have also been submitted by Chinese authorities to the GISAID platform so that they can be accessed by public health authorities, laboratories and researchers. <a href="https://t.co/wmtGfI4dWl">pic.twitter.com/wmtGfI4dWl</a></p>— World Health Organization (WHO) (@WHO) <a href="https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1216124597952745472?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 11, 2020</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></nowiki>

===13 January (60 cases)===
* Officials confirmed a case of the novel coronavirus in Thailand. It was not unexpected that cases of the novel coronavirus would emerge outside of China and reinforces why WHO calls for active monitoring and preparedness in other countries.
* On 13 January 2020, the #Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health @pr_moph reported the first imported case of lab-confirmed novel #coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from #Wuhan, #China https://t.co/Wr6VZTnCj2

===16 January (61 cases)===

===17 January (66 cases)===

===18 January (83 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 300 000 Passengers/month EU <--> China
** Novel coronavirus circulates in China
** 2 cases ex China in Thailand; 1 in Japan
**Returning travelers with fever should consult a physician & inform of China visit
* WHO
* Case def, lab guidance, case management

===21 January (392 cases)===
* WHO Joint Mission to China
** The delegation observed and discussed active surveillance processes, temperature screening at Wuhan Tianhe airport, laboratory facilities, infection prevention and control measures at Zhongnan hospital and its associated fever clinics, and the deployment of a test kit to detect the virus.
** The delegation also discussed public communication efforts and China's plan to expand the case definition for the novel coronavirus, which will build a clearer picture of the spectrum of severity of the virus.
** At the end of the visit, the Chinese Government released the primers and probes used in the test kit for the novel coronavirus to help other countries detect it. Chinese experts also shared a range of protocols that will be used in developing international guidelines, including case definitions, clinical management protocols and infection control.

===22 January (534 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-coronavirus ECDC RRA COVID19] (#1)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** further global spread is likely;
** there is currently a moderate likelihood of infection for EU/EEA travelers visiting Wuhan;
** there is a high likelihood of case importation into countries with the greatest volume of people traveling to and from Wuhan (i.e. countries in Asia);
** there is a moderate likelihood of detecting cases imported into EU/EEA countries;
** adherence to appropriate infection prevention and control practices, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries with direct links to Wuhan, means that the likelihood of a case reported in the EU resulting in secondary cases within the EU/EEA is low.

===23 January (631 cases)===
* On 22-23 February, the WHO Director-General convened the Emergency Committee to consider the outbreak of the novel coronavirus in China, with cases also reported in the Republic of Korea, Japan, Thailand and Singapore.
* Several Committee members considered it still too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), given its restrictive and binary nature. Among other recommendations, the Committee advised that it be recalled in approximately 10 days

===25 January (1,350 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Wuhan outbreak evolves rapidly
** Cases in 9 other countries outside China
** Person to Person spread likely
* WHO
** Launch of a free online introductory course on the novel coronavirus

===26 January (2,023 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-0 ECDC RRA COVID19] (#2)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** further global spread is likely;
** there is currently a moderate likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens residing in or visiting Wuhan, Hubei province, China;
** there is a high likelihood of further case importation into countries with the greatest volume of people who have travelled from Wuhan, Hubei Province (i.e. countries in Asia);
** there is a moderate likelihood of further case importation into EU/EEA countries;
** adherence to appropriate infection prevention and control practices, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries with direct links to Hubei, means that the likelihood of a case detected in the EU resulting in secondary cases within the EU/EEA is low;
** the impact of the late detection of an imported case in an EU/EEA country without the application of appropriate infection prevention and control measures would be high, therefore in such a scenario the risk of secondary transmission in the community setting is estimated to be very high

===27 January ===
* RKI discusses the use of masks in their daily 2019-nCoV crisismeeting
** It is argued that facial masks for asymptomatic persons in community settings is not useful, based on the fact that there is no evidence that this contributes to lowering infection risks
** In the same meeting, they conclude that it is useful to use masks for care-givers in close contact with 2019-nCoV cases. This dichotomy in thinking is not further elaborated.<ref>Koordinierungsstelle des RKI Agenda der 2019nCoV-Lage-AG; 27 Januar 2020</ref>

===30 January (7,823 cases)===
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) WHO declares: 2019-nCoV = PHEIC]
** Temporary recommendations under IHR
** Acknowledging that cases have been reported in five WHO regions in one month, the Committee noted that early detection, isolating and treating cases, contact tracing and social distancing measures – in line with the level of risk – can all work to interrupt virus spread.

=31 January (9,826 cases)=
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-1 ECDC RRA COVID19] (#3)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** the likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens residing in or visiting Hubei province is estimated to be high;
** the likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens in other Chinese provinces is moderate and will increase;
** there is a moderate-to-high likelihood of additional imported cases in the EU/EEA;
** the likelihood of observing further limited human-to-human transmission within the EU/EEA is estimated as very low to low if cases are detected early and appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are implemented, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries;
** assuming that cases in the EU/EEA are detected in a timely manner and that rigorous IPC measures are applied, the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission within the EU/EEA is currently very low to low;
** the late detection of an imported case in an EU/EEA country without the application of appropriate infection prevention and control measures would result in the high likelihood of human-to-human transmission, therefore in such a scenario, the risk of secondary transmission in the community setting is estimated to be high.

=References=
<References/>

Covid January 2020

2024-08-20T14:36:16Z

C19bosmana: /* 31 January (9,826 cases) */

==January 2020==
=== 1 January===
* Taiwan is already implementing health precautions: arrivals on direct flights from Wuhan are being screened for flu-like symptoms on the tarmac in Taipei before they can disembark.

===4 January (44 cases)===
* WHO announced it would work across its 3 levels – country office, regional office and HQ – to track the situation and share details as they emerged.
* China has reported to WHO a cluster of #pneumonia cases —with no deaths— in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Investigations are underway to identify the cause of this illness.
* Singapore and Hong Kong will be monitoring arrivals from the city at their borders.
* In Wuhan, eight people accused of spreading “rumours” about the disease are summoned to the Public Security Bureau. Another who will be reprimanded is a Wuhan ophthalmologist, Li Wenliang, for showing a group of his medical school alumni an analysis of the virus he believed was Sars.<Ref name="GuardianTimeline">100 days that changed the world. Michael Safi. The Guardian. 7 April 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2020/apr/08/coronavirus-100-days-that-changed-the-world</ref>
** Phrases such as “unknown Wuhan pneumonia” and “Wuhan seafood market” are already censored on YY, a popular live-streaming platform. <Ref name="GuardianTimeline"/>

===5 January (59 cases)===
* WHO published its risk assessment and advice and reported on the status of patients and the public health response by national authorities to the cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan.

===9 January (59 cases)===
* ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment (RRA) on COVID19 <Ref name="ECDCRRA">Pneumonia cases possibly associated with a novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/pneumonia-cases-possibly-associated-novel-coronavirus-wuhan-china ECDC. RRA. 9 January 2020]</ref>
** "Considering there is no indication of human-to-human transmission and no cases detected outside of China, the likelihood of introduction to the EU is considered to be low, but cannot be excluded."

===10 January (59 cases)===
* WHO issues its first guidance on the novel coronavirus <Ref name="WHO first tool">National capacities review tool for a novel coronavirus. [https://www.who.int/publications-detail/national-capacities-review-tool-for-a-novelcoronavirus WHO technical guidance. 9 January 2020. Publication] </ref>
** Developed with reference to other coronaviruses, such as SARS and MERS, WHO issued a tool for countries to check their ability to detect and respond to a novel coronavirus.
** This information is to help with identifying main gaps, assessing risks and planning for additional investigations, response and control actions.
* Li Wenliang, the ophthalmologist in Wuhan who blew the whistle on this outbreak, starts to show symptoms.<Ref name="GuardianTimeline"/>

===12 January (59 cases)===
* WHO News Item: <Ref>WHO. Novel Coronavirus – China. [https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/ Disease outbreak news: Update. 12 January 2020]</ref>
** China shares the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus, which will be very important for other countries as they develop specific diagnostic kits.
** Whole genome sequences for the novel #coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from the Chinese authorities were shared with WHO and have also been submitted by Chinese authorities to the GISAID platform so that they can be accessed by public health authorities, laboratories and researchers. <nowiki><blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Whole genome sequences for the novel <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/coronavirus?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#coronavirus</a> (2019-nCoV) from the Chinese🇨🇳 authorities were shared with WHO and have also been submitted by Chinese authorities to the GISAID platform so that they can be accessed by public health authorities, laboratories and researchers. <a href="https://t.co/wmtGfI4dWl">pic.twitter.com/wmtGfI4dWl</a></p>— World Health Organization (WHO) (@WHO) <a href="https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1216124597952745472?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 11, 2020</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></nowiki>

===13 January (60 cases)===
* Officials confirmed a case of the novel coronavirus in Thailand. It was not unexpected that cases of the novel coronavirus would emerge outside of China and reinforces why WHO calls for active monitoring and preparedness in other countries.
* On 13 January 2020, the #Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health @pr_moph reported the first imported case of lab-confirmed novel #coronavirus (2019-nCoV) from #Wuhan, #China https://t.co/Wr6VZTnCj2

===16 January (61 cases)===

===17 January (66 cases)===

===18 January (83 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 300 000 Passengers/month EU <--> China
** Novel coronavirus circulates in China
** 2 cases ex China in Thailand; 1 in Japan
**Returning travelers with fever should consult a physician & inform of China visit
* WHO
* Case def, lab guidance, case management

===21 January (392 cases)===
* WHO Joint Mission to China
** The delegation observed and discussed active surveillance processes, temperature screening at Wuhan Tianhe airport, laboratory facilities, infection prevention and control measures at Zhongnan hospital and its associated fever clinics, and the deployment of a test kit to detect the virus.
** The delegation also discussed public communication efforts and China's plan to expand the case definition for the novel coronavirus, which will build a clearer picture of the spectrum of severity of the virus.
** At the end of the visit, the Chinese Government released the primers and probes used in the test kit for the novel coronavirus to help other countries detect it. Chinese experts also shared a range of protocols that will be used in developing international guidelines, including case definitions, clinical management protocols and infection control.

===22 January (534 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-coronavirus ECDC RRA COVID19] (#1)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** further global spread is likely;
** there is currently a moderate likelihood of infection for EU/EEA travelers visiting Wuhan;
** there is a high likelihood of case importation into countries with the greatest volume of people traveling to and from Wuhan (i.e. countries in Asia);
** there is a moderate likelihood of detecting cases imported into EU/EEA countries;
** adherence to appropriate infection prevention and control practices, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries with direct links to Wuhan, means that the likelihood of a case reported in the EU resulting in secondary cases within the EU/EEA is low.

===23 January (631 cases)===
* On 22-23 February, the WHO Director-General convened the Emergency Committee to consider the outbreak of the novel coronavirus in China, with cases also reported in the Republic of Korea, Japan, Thailand and Singapore.
* Several Committee members considered it still too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), given its restrictive and binary nature. Among other recommendations, the Committee advised that it be recalled in approximately 10 days

===25 January (1,350 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Wuhan outbreak evolves rapidly
** Cases in 9 other countries outside China
** Person to Person spread likely
* WHO
** Launch of a free online introductory course on the novel coronavirus

===26 January (2,023 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-0 ECDC RRA COVID19] (#2)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** further global spread is likely;
** there is currently a moderate likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens residing in or visiting Wuhan, Hubei province, China;
** there is a high likelihood of further case importation into countries with the greatest volume of people who have travelled from Wuhan, Hubei Province (i.e. countries in Asia);
** there is a moderate likelihood of further case importation into EU/EEA countries;
** adherence to appropriate infection prevention and control practices, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries with direct links to Hubei, means that the likelihood of a case detected in the EU resulting in secondary cases within the EU/EEA is low;
** the impact of the late detection of an imported case in an EU/EEA country without the application of appropriate infection prevention and control measures would be high, therefore in such a scenario the risk of secondary transmission in the community setting is estimated to be very high

===30 January (7,823 cases)===
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) WHO declares: 2019-nCoV = PHEIC]
** Temporary recommendations under IHR
** Acknowledging that cases have been reported in five WHO regions in one month, the Committee noted that early detection, isolating and treating cases, contact tracing and social distancing measures – in line with the level of risk – can all work to interrupt virus spread.

=31 January (9,826 cases)=
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-1 ECDC RRA COVID19] (#3)
** the potential impact of 2019-nCoV outbreaks is high;
** the likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens residing in or visiting Hubei province is estimated to be high;
** the likelihood of infection for EU/EEA citizens in other Chinese provinces is moderate and will increase;
** there is a moderate-to-high likelihood of additional imported cases in the EU/EEA;
** the likelihood of observing further limited human-to-human transmission within the EU/EEA is estimated as very low to low if cases are detected early and appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are implemented, particularly in healthcare settings in EU/EEA countries;
** assuming that cases in the EU/EEA are detected in a timely manner and that rigorous IPC measures are applied, the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission within the EU/EEA is currently very low to low;
** the late detection of an imported case in an EU/EEA country without the application of appropriate infection prevention and control measures would result in the high likelihood of human-to-human transmission, therefore in such a scenario, the risk of secondary transmission in the community setting is estimated to be high.

=References=
<References/>

Covid November 2021

2021-11-17T15:37:08Z

Bosmana: /* Corona journaal 9 – 14 november 2021 */

==Corona journaal 9 – 14 november 2021==
Vandaag (ik schrijf dit zondag 14 november) zouden we een optreden hebben met mijn muziekgroep, en gisteren bij de jaarvergadering van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Medische Geschiedenis zou ik een lezing houden. Beide evenementen gingen niet door. Het zou misschien niet verboden zijn, cultuur mag doorgaan maar de organisaties hebben het zekere voor het onzekere genomen, mede denk ik omdat bij beide evenementen een flink aantal personen uit de risico-groepen (leeftijd) bestaat. Ben benieuwd hoe het de cultuursector de komende tijd vergaat, voor zover deze sterk afhankelijk is van ouderen.

Zelf zal ik in elk geval voorzichtiger zijn de komende tijd, en dat niet alleen vanwege de persconferentie van Rutte. Als 70 plusser gevaccineerd met Astra lijkt dat aangewezen, mede gezien dit onderzoek van Sanquin
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/11/10/minste-antistoffen-coronavirus-bij-61-tot-65-jarigen-a4064896 Dat ouderen minder antistoffen hebben dan jongeren is niet zo gek maar dat de categorie 71-75 twee keer meer heeft dan 61-65 is opmerkelijk Van alle gevaccineerde Nederlanders hebben personen tussen de 61 en 65 jaar de minste antistoffen tegen het coronavirus in hun bloed. Dat blijkt uit dinsdagavond gepubliceerd onderzoek van bloedbank Sanquin. Gevaccineerden van 18 tot 25 jaar hebben volgens het onderzoek gemiddeld bijna acht keer meer antistoffen in hun bloed dan de mensen uit de groep van 61 tot 65 jaar. Ook een oudere groep, van 71- tot 75-jarigen, heeft gemiddeld twee keer zoveel antistoffen, terwijl deze groep eerder gevaccineerd is dan de 61- tot 65-jarigen.
Omdat 61-65 grotendeels is ingeënt met Astra en 71-75 met Pfizer is de conclusie dat Pfizer in elk geval wat de antistoffen beter werkt dan Astra. Zoals trouwens ook wel tijdens klinische studies is gebleken.

Het gaat vooral natuurlijk om het voorkomen van ziekenhuisopnames. Ik heb gekeken of het aantal ziekenhuisopnames voor de 61-65 jarigen relatief gaat stijgen ten opzichte van de 71-75 jarigen. In het dashboard worden alleen de categorieën per 10 jaar getoond. Daar zie ik nog geen verschillen, het aantal ziekenhuisopnames is voor 71-80 vrij constant, bijna 2 keer zoveel als voor 61-70.
Dat zou er dan op wijzen dat Astra daarvoor nog steeds evengoed beschermt als Pfizer. Anders zou, in geval van prioritering van de booster, Astra “klanten” moeten voorgaan.

Een kritisch commentaar van de NRC op het corona beleid van de regering
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/11/13/het-kabinet-moet-het-eerlijke-verhaal-vertellen-corona-kan-nog-jaren-onder-ons-blijven-a4065349 Dat in de beginperiode met weinig informatie beslissingen moesten worden genomen die achteraf minder goed uitpakken, OK, maar zo langzamerhand moeten we wel wat geleerd hebben, en dat is volgens dit commentaar onvoldoende gebeurd

Telkens wekt het kabinet de indruk dat het ‘oude normaal’ binnen handbereik is. Demissionair minister Hugo de Jonge (Volksgezondheid, CDA) zei vrijdag dat Nederland „tien kilometer” extra moet rennen, maar dan is de „marathon” ook echt voorbij. Was het maar zo: al in september waarschuwden de Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (WRR) en de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) dat de politiek zich ook op minder positieve scenario’s moet voorbereiden. Nederland en de rest van de wereld moeten waarschijnlijk nog jarenlang met corona en de gevolgen daarvan leven.

Ik had het rapport van de WRR / KNAW gemist, het is al van september, een paar dagen geleden had de NRC een interview met de schrijvers

Covid November 2021

2021-11-17T15:36:25Z

Bosmana: Created page with "==Corona journaal 9 – 14 november 2021== Vandaag (ik schrijf dit zondag 14 november) zouden we een optreden hebben met mijn muziekgroep, en gisteren bij de jaarvergadering v..."

==Corona journaal 9 – 14 november 2021==
Vandaag (ik schrijf dit zondag 14 november) zouden we een optreden hebben met mijn muziekgroep, en gisteren bij de jaarvergadering van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Medische Geschiedenis zou ik een lezing houden. Beide evenementen gingen niet door. Het zou misschien niet verboden zijn, cultuur mag doorgaan maar de organisaties hebben het zekere voor het onzekere genomen, mede denk ik omdat bij beide evenementen een flink aantal personen uit de risico-groepen (leeftijd) bestaat. Ben benieuwd hoe het de cultuursector de komende tijd vergaat, voor zover deze sterk afhankelijk is van ouderen.
Zelf zal ik in elk geval voorzichtiger zijn de komende tijd, en dat niet alleen vanwege de persconferentie van Rutte. Als 70 plusser gevaccineerd met Astra lijkt dat aangewezen, mede gezien dit onderzoek van Sanquin
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/11/10/minste-antistoffen-coronavirus-bij-61-tot-65-jarigen-a4064896 Dat ouderen minder antistoffen hebben dan jongeren is niet zo gek maar dat de categorie 71-75 twee keer meer heeft dan 61-65 is opmerkelijk Van alle gevaccineerde Nederlanders hebben personen tussen de 61 en 65 jaar de minste antistoffen tegen het coronavirus in hun bloed. Dat blijkt uit dinsdagavond gepubliceerd onderzoek van bloedbank Sanquin. Gevaccineerden van 18 tot 25 jaar hebben volgens het onderzoek gemiddeld bijna acht keer meer antistoffen in hun bloed dan de mensen uit de groep van 61 tot 65 jaar. Ook een oudere groep, van 71- tot 75-jarigen, heeft gemiddeld twee keer zoveel antistoffen, terwijl deze groep eerder gevaccineerd is dan de 61- tot 65-jarigen.
Omdat 61-65 grotendeels is ingeënt met Astra en 71-75 met Pfizer is de conclusie dat Pfizer in elk geval wat de antistoffen beter werkt dan Astra. Zoals trouwens ook wel tijdens klinische studies is gebleken.
Het gaat vooral natuurlijk om het voorkomen van ziekenhuisopnames. Ik heb gekeken of het aantal ziekenhuisopnames voor de 61-65 jarigen relatief gaat stijgen ten opzichte van de 71-75 jarigen. In het dashboard worden alleen de categorieën per 10 jaar getoond. Daar zie ik nog geen verschillen, het aantal ziekenhuisopnames is voor 71-80 vrij constant, bijna 2 keer zoveel als voor 61-70.
Dat zou er dan op wijzen dat Astra daarvoor nog steeds evengoed beschermt als Pfizer. Anders zou, in geval van prioritering van de booster, Astra “klanten” moeten voorgaan.
Een kritisch commentaar van de NRC op het corona beleid van de regering
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2021/11/13/het-kabinet-moet-het-eerlijke-verhaal-vertellen-corona-kan-nog-jaren-onder-ons-blijven-a4065349 Dat in de beginperiode met weinig informatie beslissingen moesten worden genomen die achteraf minder goed uitpakken, OK, maar zo langzamerhand moeten we wel wat geleerd hebben, en dat is volgens dit commentaar onvoldoende gebeurd Telkens wekt het kabinet de indruk dat het ‘oude normaal’ binnen handbereik is. Demissionair minister Hugo de Jonge (Volksgezondheid, CDA) zei vrijdag dat Nederland „tien kilometer” extra moet rennen, maar dan is de „marathon” ook echt voorbij. Was het maar zo: al in september waarschuwden de Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (WRR) en de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) dat de politiek zich ook op minder positieve scenario’s moet voorbereiden. Nederland en de rest van de wereld moeten waarschijnlijk nog jarenlang met corona en de gevolgen daarvan leven.
Ik had het rapport van de WRR / KNAW gemist, het is al van september, een paar dagen geleden had de NRC een interview met de schrijvers

2021

2021-11-17T15:34:44Z

Bosmana:

2021

2021-11-17T15:31:26Z

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Comic Relief

2020-12-09T14:54:34Z

Bosmana:

This page is dedicated to reflecting some comic relief among the daily stress of COVID19 response. Please be aware that no disrespect is meant and that humor is a contextualized social concept that may be prone to misinterpretation when regarded cross-culturally. My advice would be to think nothing behind it, but the honest intention to bring you some relief in difficult times.

[[File:Covert COVID19 Council.jpg|300px]]
Tweeted by — Jasmin Sponagel (@JasminSponagel) March 27, 2020 <Ref>— Jasmin Sponagel (@JasminSponagel) March 27, 2020 https://twitter.com/JasminSponagel/status/1243577764558573569</ref>

[[File:COVID19 toiletpaper hoarding.jpg|300px]]
March 23 editorial cartoon. - Greg Perry for the Toronto Star <Ref>Welland Tribune Editorial 23 March 2020 https://www.wellandtribune.ca/opinion-story/9913070-editorial-brace-for-a-long-war-on-covid-19/</ref>

[[File:Aid260320.jpg|300px]]
Cartoon by Tom Jansen at Vox Europe.<Ref>Sourthern Europe on Life Support. Cartoon by Tom Jansen https://voxeurop.eu/en/2020/covid-19-5124506</ref>

[[File:European spring tjeerd royaards 1.jpg|300px]]
European Spring by Tjeerd Royaards <Ref>European Spring by Tjeerd Royaards https://voxeurop.eu/en/2020/covid-19-5124506</ref>

[[File:Between Friends.jpg|300px]]
Between Friends Cartoon, 9 March 2020. <ref>Between Friends Cartoon https://voxeurop.eu/en/2020/covid-19-5124506</ref>

[[File:Finally.jpg|300px]]
Walking the Dog. Gatis Sluka Cartoon.

[[File:Theo moudakis four horsemen.jpg|300px]]
Theo Moudakis: Four horsemen. Toronto Star. Wed., March 11, 2020

[[File:Snoopy.jpg|300px]]
Steve Kelley Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate <ref>Steve Kelley Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate https://theweek.com/cartoons/905217/editorial-cartoon-snoopy-woodstock-coronavirus-social-distancing-curse-space</ref>

[[File:Superheroes.jpg|300px]]
Chris Britt Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate <ref>Chris Britt Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate https://theweek.com/cartoons/905023/editorial-cartoon-doctors-heroes-grateful-healthcare-workers</ref>

[[File:Climate change.jpg|300px]]
Mike Luckovich Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate <ref>Mike Luckovich Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate https://theweek.com/cartoons/903802/editorial-cartoon-coronavirus-climate-change-reaper-global-disasters-death</ref>

[[File:Michelangelo.jpg|300px]]
Michael Kountouris Copyright 2020 Cagle Cartoons <ref>Michael Kountouris Copyright 2020 Cagle Cartoons https://theweek.com/cartoons/902636/editorial-cartoon-world-creation-adam-elbow-touch-coronavirus</ref>

[[File:The Experts.jpg|300px]]
Zapiro Copyright 2020 the Daily Maverick <Ref>Zapiro. The Experts. The Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/cartoon/the-experts/</ref>

[[File:Web-Screen-Shot-2020-05-07-at-6.15.34-PM-copy.jpg|300px]]
Art in America (https://www.artnews.com/c/art-in-america/). <ref> From Spanish FLu to Covid https://www.artnews.com/gallery/art-in-america/aia-photos/covid-19-spanish-influenza-photos-1202686728/web-screen-shot-2020-05-07-at-6-15-34-pm-copy/</ref>

=References=

Comic Relief

2020-12-09T14:53:56Z

Bosmana:

This page is dedicated to reflecting some comic relief among the daily stress of COVID19 response. Please be aware that no disrespect is meant and that humor is a contextualized social concept that may be prone to misinterpretation when regarded cross-culturally. My advice would be to think nothing behind it, but the honest intention to bring you some relief in difficult times.

[[File:Covert COVID19 Council.jpg|300px]]
Tweeted by — Jasmin Sponagel (@JasminSponagel) March 27, 2020 <Ref>— Jasmin Sponagel (@JasminSponagel) March 27, 2020 https://twitter.com/JasminSponagel/status/1243577764558573569</ref>

[[File:COVID19 toiletpaper hoarding.jpg|300px]]
March 23 editorial cartoon. - Greg Perry for the Toronto Star <Ref>Welland Tribune Editorial 23 March 2020 https://www.wellandtribune.ca/opinion-story/9913070-editorial-brace-for-a-long-war-on-covid-19/</ref>

[[File:Aid260320.jpg|300px]]
Cartoon by Tom Jansen at Vox Europe.<Ref>Sourthern Europe on Life Support. Cartoon by Tom Jansen https://voxeurop.eu/en/2020/covid-19-5124506</ref>

[[File:European spring tjeerd royaards 1.jpg|300px]]
European Spring by Tjeerd Royaards <Ref>European Spring by Tjeerd Royaards https://voxeurop.eu/en/2020/covid-19-5124506</ref>

[[File:Between Friends.jpg|300px]]
Between Friends Cartoon, 9 March 2020. <ref>Between Friends Cartoon https://voxeurop.eu/en/2020/covid-19-5124506</ref>

[[File:Finally.jpg|300px]]
Walking the Dog. Gatis Sluka Cartoon.

[[File:Theo moudakis four horsemen.jpg|300px]]
Theo Moudakis: Four horsemen. Toronto Star. Wed., March 11, 2020

[[File:Snoopy.jpg|300px]]
Steve Kelley Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate <ref>Steve Kelley Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate https://theweek.com/cartoons/905217/editorial-cartoon-snoopy-woodstock-coronavirus-social-distancing-curse-space</ref>

[[File:Superheroes.jpg|300px]]
Chris Britt Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate <ref>Chris Britt Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate https://theweek.com/cartoons/905023/editorial-cartoon-doctors-heroes-grateful-healthcare-workers</ref>

[[File:Climate change.jpg|300px]]
Mike Luckovich Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate <ref>Mike Luckovich Copyright 2020 Creators Syndicate https://theweek.com/cartoons/903802/editorial-cartoon-coronavirus-climate-change-reaper-global-disasters-death</ref>

[[File:Michelangelo.jpg|300px]]
Michael Kountouris Copyright 2020 Cagle Cartoons <ref>Michael Kountouris Copyright 2020 Cagle Cartoons https://theweek.com/cartoons/902636/editorial-cartoon-world-creation-adam-elbow-touch-coronavirus</ref>

[[File:The Experts.jpg|300px]]
Zapiro Copyright 2020 the Daily Maverick <Ref>Zapiro. The Experts. The Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/cartoon/the-experts/</ref>

[[File:Web-Screen-Shot-2020-05-07-at-6.15.34-PM-copy.jpg|300px|thumb]]
Art in America (https://www.artnews.com/c/art-in-america/). <ref> From Spanish FLu to Covid https://www.artnews.com/gallery/art-in-america/aia-photos/covid-19-spanish-influenza-photos-1202686728/web-screen-shot-2020-05-07-at-6-15-34-pm-copy/</ref>

=References=

File:Web-Screen-Shot-2020-05-07-at-6.15.34-PM-copy.jpg

2020-12-09T14:50:14Z

Bosmana:

Photos: From Spanish Influenza to COVID-19
https://www.artnews.com/gallery/art-in-america/aia-photos/covid-19-spanish-influenza-photos-1202686728/web-screen-shot-2020-05-07-at-6-15-34-pm-copy/

Covid February 2020

2020-12-07T15:49:50Z

Bosmana: /* 17 February (71,332 cases) */

==February==
===1 February (11,946 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 16 cases in EU (5 countries), with local transmission
** China takes unprecedented control measures
** Potential impact of 2019-nCoV is high
** Moderate-High likelihood of more imported cases in EU
** Likelihood of human-human transmission in EU is low if early detection of cases and adherence to appropriate IPC practices are implemented, in particular in health care settings

===3 February (17,372 cases)===
* Rapid Communication Eurosurveillance
** 38 labs in 24 EU countries had COVID19 tests available
** Availability of primers/probes, positive controls and personnel were main implementation barriers

===5 February (24,522 cases)===
* Global community asks for US$675 million to help protect vulnerable countries from the outbreak

===8 February (34,933 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 9 EU countries with cases (31)

===10 February (40,540 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://web.archive.org/web/20200211100323/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidelines-use-non-pharmaceutical-measures-delay-and-mitigate-impact-2019-ncov Guidelines for the use of non-pharmaceutical measures to delay and mitigate the impact of 2019-nCoV]”
** Hand Hygiene
** Respiratory Hygiene (“Cough Etiquette”)
** Face Masks & Respirators
*** In Health care: Surgical mask for suspected COVID19 cases. FFP masks for HCW during assessment & management
*** In other high exposures: Surgical masks for care providers of suspect COVID19 cases and those with extensive public contact
*** In Community: By individuals with respiratory symptoms before seeking medical attention
** Other PPE:
*** HCW caring for COVID19, especially when aerosol-generating procedures.
** Social distancing
*** Voluntary isolation of COVID19 cases in the community.
*** Close contacts: Isolation at home & active daily monitoring
*** Casual contacts: Self-monitoring
** Schools:
*** school children are considered to be one of the main drivers of respiratory virus spread in the community. It is not yet known how much nCoV2 transmission will occur among children
*** proactive school closures may be considered if there is ongoing transmission of 2019-nCoV in an area.

===11 February (43,105 cases)===
* Novel coronavirus disease named COVID-19
* WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros, announces a UN crisis management structure, led by 'my general' Dr Mike Ryan. In addition, Dr Tedros says that every country should take this virus very seriously. He is losing sleep over it, and he expects that every government should lose sleep over it. This virus should be seen as 'public health enemy nr 1' (see video at 30 minutes)
** "There is a window of opportunity. If we lose it, we will regret it. You need to hit hard, fast" (see video at 13 minutes)
{{#ev:youtube|hd2QoYt5Fcw|||||start=1785}}

===12 February (45,177 cases)===
* Research and innovation forum sets priorities for COVID-19 research
** More than 400 experts and funders met at WHO’s Geneva HQ to accelerate research to stop the COVID-19 outbreak. Featuring updates from the frontlines of the response in China, the meeting addressed issues such as: developing easy-to-apply diagnostics, accelerating existing vaccine candidates and preventing infection
* UN activates WHO-led Crisis Management Team
** The Crisis Management Team (CMT) mechanism brings together WHO, OCHA, IMO, UNICEF, ICAO, WFP, FAO, the World Bank and several UN Secretariat departments.
** The CMT will be managed by the Executive Director of WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Dr Mike Ryan. It will help WHO focus on the health response while the other agencies will bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak

===13 February (60,328 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-community-engagement-public-health-events-caused-communicable-disease Guidance on community engagement for public health events caused by communicable disease threats in the EU/EEA]”:
** Through all three phases of the preparedness cycle
**# Recognise the community as a partner
**# Develop an understanding of community perceptions
**# Optimise communications with at-risk communities
**# Invest in a trusted spokesperson and long-term media relations.
** Anticipation phase
**# Map stakeholders and integrate them into preparedness planning
**# Develop an accessible and inclusive preparedness and response training program
**# Cultivate relationships with communities engaged in disease surveillance
**# Engage with pre-existing community networks and infrastructures
**# Set a research agenda in collaboration with community partners.
** Response phase
**# Coordinate distribution of information, protective equipment and other resources for and with community partners
**# If using an all-hazards approach, recognize the special character of infectious disease outbreaks and act accordingly
**# Facilitate resolving of possible issues with community-level financial losses.
** Recovery phase
**# Integrate and document community engagement in evaluation processes
**# Promote community debriefing, dialogue and a culture of shared learning.

===14 February (64,543 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-risk-assessment-14-february-2020.pdf.pdf ECDC RRA COVID19] (#4)
** It is important that countries consider the roll-out of primary diagnostic testing capacity to local clinical and diagnostic laboratories.
** Confirmatory testing remains the responsibility of the referral or reference laboratories.
** Therefore, positive specimens should still be shipped for second detection assay and possible sequencing to referral or reference laboratories.
** During the containment phase, extensive tracing and risk assessment of contacts of probable and confirmed cases detected in EU/EEA countries is required in order to minimize the further spread and to strengthen the evidence base on the characteristics and transmission pattern of the disease.
** Suspected, probable or confirmed cases of COVID19 should be reported to the public health authorities and managed in accordance with national guidance and/or WHO’s patient management guidelines

===15 February (67,103 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Further P-P transmission in EU
** Hospital associated transmission suspected in 41% of hospitalized Wuhan patients
* WHO
** "We must be guided by solidarity, not stigma. The greatest enemy we face is not the virus itself; it’s the stigma that turns us against each other. We must stop stigma and hate.“ Dr. Tedros

===17 February (71,332 cases)===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200701161406/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331004 WHO issues guidance on mass gathering and taking care of ill travelers]
** Based on lessons from H1N1 and Ebola, WHO has outlined planning considerations for organizers of mass gatherings, in light of the COVID-19 outbreak. It has also issued advice on how to detect and take care of ill travelers, who are suspected COVID-19 cases.

===18 February (73,327 cases)===
* WHO has shipped supplies of personal protective equipment to 21 countries.
** By the end of this week, 40 countries in Africa and 29 in the Americas are due to have the ability to detect COVID-19

===21 February (76,719 cases)===
* WHO Director-General warns that the window of opportunity is “narrowing”
* Special envoys on COVID-19 selected
** Professor Dr Maha El Rabbat, former Minister of Health of Egypt;
** Dr David Nabarro, former special adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General
** Dr John Nkengasong, Director of the African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention;
** Dr Mirta Roses, former Director of the WHO Region of the Americas;
** Dr Shin Young-soo, former Regional Director of the WHO Region of the Western Pacific;
** Professor Samba Sow, Director-General of the Center for Vaccine Development in Mali.

===22 February (77,804 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

=== 23 February (78,812 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

===24 February (79,339 cases)===
* UN Secretary-General António Guterres met with the WHO Director-General and other WHO leaders, receiving a briefing on COVID-19, Ebola and polio. He expressed great admiration for health workers, including in China, who are working tirelessly to save lives. The UN Secretary-General also stressed that there is no space for stigma and discrimination and said we must be guided by science and human rights-based interventions
* A team of experts from WHO and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) will focus on: understanding how events developed, learning from the Italian experience and supporting control and prevention efforts by the authorities.
* To limit further human to human transmission, WHO experts will provide support in the areas of clinical management, infection prevention and control, surveillance and risk communication.

===25 February (80,132 cases)===
* The team of 25 international and Chinese experts traveled to several different provinces, with a small group going to Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak.
** Among the team's findings was that the epidemic peaked and plateaued between the 23rd of January and the 2nd of February, and has been declining steadily since then. The team also estimates that the measures taken in China have averted a significant number of cases.
** In a press conference in Geneva on Tuesday 25 February, Dr Bruce Aylward, the mission's lead, reported back on what China has done, its impact and implications.
* The WHO Director-General has repeatedly called for "solidarity, not stigma" to address COVID-19.
** WHO has worked with UNICEF and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on a guide to preventing and addressing the social stigma associated with the disease.
** It's vital to fight stigma because it can drive people to hide the illness, not seek health care immediately and discourage them from adopting healthy behaviors.
** This guide includes some tips and messages, as well as dos and don'ts on language when talking about COVID-19.

===26 February (80,995 cases)===
* ECDC publishes Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of (COVID-19) patients
** Elements to be assessed have been divided into the following areas:
*** Establishment of a core team and key internal and external contact points
*** Human, material and facility capacity
*** Communication and data protection
*** Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), and waste management
*** Triage, first contact and prioritisation
*** Patient placement, moving of the patients in the facility, and visitor access
*** Environmental cleaning
*WHO: Get your workplace ready for COVID-19

===27 February (82,101 cases)===
* WHO: What every country should be asking itself
** Are we ready for the first case?
** Do we have enough medical oxygen, ventilators and other vital equipment?
** How will we know if there are cases in other areas of the country?
** Do our health workers have the training and equipment they need to stay safe?
** Do we have the right measures at airports and border crossings to test people who are sick?
** Do our labs have the right chemicals that allow them to test samples?
** Are we ready to treat patients with severe or critical disease?
** Do our hospitals and clinics have the right procedures to prevent and control infections?
** Do our people have the right information? Do they know what the disease looks like?

===28 February (83,365 cases)===
* WHO: What every individual can do to protect themselves and others

===29 February (85,203 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** In EU: 770 cases / 18 deaths in 19 countries

Covid February 2020

2020-12-07T15:38:49Z

Bosmana: /* 10 February (40,540 cases) */

==February==
===1 February (11,946 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 16 cases in EU (5 countries), with local transmission
** China takes unprecedented control measures
** Potential impact of 2019-nCoV is high
** Moderate-High likelihood of more imported cases in EU
** Likelihood of human-human transmission in EU is low if early detection of cases and adherence to appropriate IPC practices are implemented, in particular in health care settings

===3 February (17,372 cases)===
* Rapid Communication Eurosurveillance
** 38 labs in 24 EU countries had COVID19 tests available
** Availability of primers/probes, positive controls and personnel were main implementation barriers

===5 February (24,522 cases)===
* Global community asks for US$675 million to help protect vulnerable countries from the outbreak

===8 February (34,933 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** 9 EU countries with cases (31)

===10 February (40,540 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://web.archive.org/web/20200211100323/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidelines-use-non-pharmaceutical-measures-delay-and-mitigate-impact-2019-ncov Guidelines for the use of non-pharmaceutical measures to delay and mitigate the impact of 2019-nCoV]”
** Hand Hygiene
** Respiratory Hygiene (“Cough Etiquette”)
** Face Masks & Respirators
*** In Health care: Surgical mask for suspected COVID19 cases. FFP masks for HCW during assessment & management
*** In other high exposures: Surgical masks for care providers of suspect COVID19 cases and those with extensive public contact
*** In Community: By individuals with respiratory symptoms before seeking medical attention
** Other PPE:
*** HCW caring for COVID19, especially when aerosol-generating procedures.
** Social distancing
*** Voluntary isolation of COVID19 cases in the community.
*** Close contacts: Isolation at home & active daily monitoring
*** Casual contacts: Self-monitoring
** Schools:
*** school children are considered to be one of the main drivers of respiratory virus spread in the community. It is not yet known how much nCoV2 transmission will occur among children
*** proactive school closures may be considered if there is ongoing transmission of 2019-nCoV in an area.

===11 February (43,105 cases)===
* Novel coronavirus disease named COVID-19
* WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros, announces a UN crisis management structure, led by 'my general' Dr Mike Ryan. In addition, Dr Tedros says that every country should take this virus very seriously. He is losing sleep over it, and he expects that every government should lose sleep over it. This virus should be seen as 'public health enemy nr 1' (see video at 30 minutes)
** "There is a window of opportunity. If we lose it, we will regret it. You need to hit hard, fast" (see video at 13 minutes)
{{#ev:youtube|hd2QoYt5Fcw|||||start=1785}}

===12 February (45,177 cases)===
* Research and innovation forum sets priorities for COVID-19 research
** More than 400 experts and funders met at WHO’s Geneva HQ to accelerate research to stop the COVID-19 outbreak. Featuring updates from the frontlines of the response in China, the meeting addressed issues such as: developing easy-to-apply diagnostics, accelerating existing vaccine candidates and preventing infection
* UN activates WHO-led Crisis Management Team
** The Crisis Management Team (CMT) mechanism brings together WHO, OCHA, IMO, UNICEF, ICAO, WFP, FAO, the World Bank and several UN Secretariat departments.
** The CMT will be managed by the Executive Director of WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Dr Mike Ryan. It will help WHO focus on the health response while the other agencies will bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak

===13 February (60,328 cases)===
* ECDC publishes “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-community-engagement-public-health-events-caused-communicable-disease Guidance on community engagement for public health events caused by communicable disease threats in the EU/EEA]”:
** Through all three phases of the preparedness cycle
**# Recognise the community as a partner
**# Develop an understanding of community perceptions
**# Optimise communications with at-risk communities
**# Invest in a trusted spokesperson and long-term media relations.
** Anticipation phase
**# Map stakeholders and integrate them into preparedness planning
**# Develop an accessible and inclusive preparedness and response training program
**# Cultivate relationships with communities engaged in disease surveillance
**# Engage with pre-existing community networks and infrastructures
**# Set a research agenda in collaboration with community partners.
** Response phase
**# Coordinate distribution of information, protective equipment and other resources for and with community partners
**# If using an all-hazards approach, recognize the special character of infectious disease outbreaks and act accordingly
**# Facilitate resolving of possible issues with community-level financial losses.
** Recovery phase
**# Integrate and document community engagement in evaluation processes
**# Promote community debriefing, dialogue and a culture of shared learning.

===14 February (64,543 cases)===
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-risk-assessment-14-february-2020.pdf.pdf ECDC RRA COVID19] (#4)
** It is important that countries consider the roll-out of primary diagnostic testing capacity to local clinical and diagnostic laboratories.
** Confirmatory testing remains the responsibility of the referral or reference laboratories.
** Therefore, positive specimens should still be shipped for second detection assay and possible sequencing to referral or reference laboratories.
** During the containment phase, extensive tracing and risk assessment of contacts of probable and confirmed cases detected in EU/EEA countries is required in order to minimize the further spread and to strengthen the evidence base on the characteristics and transmission pattern of the disease.
** Suspected, probable or confirmed cases of COVID19 should be reported to the public health authorities and managed in accordance with national guidance and/or WHO’s patient management guidelines

===15 February (67,103 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Further P-P transmission in EU
** Hospital associated transmission suspected in 41% of hospitalized Wuhan patients
* WHO
** "We must be guided by solidarity, not stigma. The greatest enemy we face is not the virus itself; it’s the stigma that turns us against each other. We must stop stigma and hate.“ Dr. Tedros

===17 February (71,332 cases)===
* WHO issues guidance on mass gathering and taking care of ill travelers
** Based on lessons from H1N1 and Ebola, WHO has outlined planning considerations for organizers of mass gatherings, in light of the COVID-19 outbreak. It has also issued advice on how to detect and take care of ill travelers, who are suspected COVID-19 cases.

===18 February (73,327 cases)===
* WHO has shipped supplies of personal protective equipment to 21 countries.
** By the end of this week, 40 countries in Africa and 29 in the Americas are due to have the ability to detect COVID-19

===21 February (76,719 cases)===
* WHO Director-General warns that the window of opportunity is “narrowing”
* Special envoys on COVID-19 selected
** Professor Dr Maha El Rabbat, former Minister of Health of Egypt;
** Dr David Nabarro, former special adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General
** Dr John Nkengasong, Director of the African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention;
** Dr Mirta Roses, former Director of the WHO Region of the Americas;
** Dr Shin Young-soo, former Regional Director of the WHO Region of the Western Pacific;
** Professor Samba Sow, Director-General of the Center for Vaccine Development in Mali.

===22 February (77,804 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

=== 23 February (78,812 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** Viral shedding expected to be similar to Influenza
* WHO
** During the past month about 11 000 African health workers have been trained using WHO’s online courses on COVID-19, which are available free of charge in English, French & other languages
** WHO’s Director-General and Regional Director for Africa addressed an emergency meeting of ministers of health to agree on a continental strategy for Africa to strengthen preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 outbreak

===24 February (79,339 cases)===
* UN Secretary-General António Guterres met with the WHO Director-General and other WHO leaders, receiving a briefing on COVID-19, Ebola and polio. He expressed great admiration for health workers, including in China, who are working tirelessly to save lives. The UN Secretary-General also stressed that there is no space for stigma and discrimination and said we must be guided by science and human rights-based interventions
* A team of experts from WHO and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) will focus on: understanding how events developed, learning from the Italian experience and supporting control and prevention efforts by the authorities.
* To limit further human to human transmission, WHO experts will provide support in the areas of clinical management, infection prevention and control, surveillance and risk communication.

===25 February (80,132 cases)===
* The team of 25 international and Chinese experts traveled to several different provinces, with a small group going to Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak.
** Among the team's findings was that the epidemic peaked and plateaued between the 23rd of January and the 2nd of February, and has been declining steadily since then. The team also estimates that the measures taken in China have averted a significant number of cases.
** In a press conference in Geneva on Tuesday 25 February, Dr Bruce Aylward, the mission's lead, reported back on what China has done, its impact and implications.
* The WHO Director-General has repeatedly called for "solidarity, not stigma" to address COVID-19.
** WHO has worked with UNICEF and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on a guide to preventing and addressing the social stigma associated with the disease.
** It's vital to fight stigma because it can drive people to hide the illness, not seek health care immediately and discourage them from adopting healthy behaviors.
** This guide includes some tips and messages, as well as dos and don'ts on language when talking about COVID-19.

===26 February (80,995 cases)===
* ECDC publishes Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of (COVID-19) patients
** Elements to be assessed have been divided into the following areas:
*** Establishment of a core team and key internal and external contact points
*** Human, material and facility capacity
*** Communication and data protection
*** Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), and waste management
*** Triage, first contact and prioritisation
*** Patient placement, moving of the patients in the facility, and visitor access
*** Environmental cleaning
*WHO: Get your workplace ready for COVID-19

===27 February (82,101 cases)===
* WHO: What every country should be asking itself
** Are we ready for the first case?
** Do we have enough medical oxygen, ventilators and other vital equipment?
** How will we know if there are cases in other areas of the country?
** Do our health workers have the training and equipment they need to stay safe?
** Do we have the right measures at airports and border crossings to test people who are sick?
** Do our labs have the right chemicals that allow them to test samples?
** Are we ready to treat patients with severe or critical disease?
** Do our hospitals and clinics have the right procedures to prevent and control infections?
** Do our people have the right information? Do they know what the disease looks like?

===28 February (83,365 cases)===
* WHO: What every individual can do to protect themselves and others

===29 February (85,203 cases)===
* ECDC informs countries
** In EU: 770 cases / 18 deaths in 19 countries

Transmission routes

2020-10-01T18:09:32Z

Bosmana: /* Observations */

This page collects observations, interpretations, and consequences for action about Transmission Routes of SARS-CoV2. Please observe the structure of the page, when you add your content. Please use references where possible. Remember to find the relevant page. For example, if your observation is about [[Sources]], please use that page, instead of posting your content here.

=What is already known=
* Person to Person Transmission (close contact). <Ref name="Rothan2020">Rothan, Hussin A., and Siddappa N. Byrareddy. "The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak." Journal of Autoimmunity (2020): 102433.</ref>
** Droplet infection
** Cross-contamination of hands
* Fomites. <Ref name="Rothan2020"/>
* No evidence of vertical (mother-child) transmission. <Ref name="Rothan2020"/>
* Potential of SARS-CoV2 to survive in aerosol. <Ref name="Doremalen2020">van Doremalen, Neeltje, et al. "Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1." medRxiv (2020).</ref>

=Feacal-oral transmission?=
==Observations==
* Some authors report that diarrhea is a common symptom of COVID19. <Ref name="Rothan2020"/>
* Others report that diarrhea is not common everywhere (5% in China, 17% in Singapore), and may be a coincidental symptom. <Ref name="Ong2020">Ong, John, Barnaby Edward Young, and Sharon Ong. "COVID-19 in gastroenterology: a clinical perspective." Gut (2020).</ref>
* Based on data from 39 countries, SARS-CoV-2 can remain stable within water for up to 25 Days. Country-specific risk of infection posed by faecal contaminated water is environment-dependent, with water flow and temperature as important variables.<ref> Shutler J, Zaraska K, Holding TM, Machnik M, Uppuluri K, Ashton I, et al. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection from contaminated water systems. medRxiv. 2020</ref>
==Analysis and interpretation==
* The question raises, whether we should anticipate transmission routes as observed with SARS (via sewage overflow and aerosols)
* Differences in reported frequency in diarrhea may be confounded by difficulty in the assessment. The definition of the symptom may not be standardized between studies. Often, it is also patient-reported, and reporting this symptom may be culturally biassed.
==Consequences for action==
* Study fecal-oral transmission routes as risk factors for COVID19

=Practical Risk of Aerosols=
==Observations==
* SARS-CoV2 stability in aerosol was experimentally tested, where authors measure the viability of virus on surfaces, after aerosol nebulizing <Ref name="Doremalen2020"/>
* According to a study published in PNAS, June 2020, airborne transmission, particularly via nascent aerosols from human atomization, is highly virulent and represents the dominant route for the transmission of this disease <ref> Renyi Zhang, Yixin Li, Annie L. Zhang, Yuan Wang, Mario J. Molina. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jun 2020, 117 (26) 14857-14863; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009637117</ref>

==Analysis and interpretation==
* Does 'viability on surface' mean that the virus is still (biologically) infectious? I would be hesitant to extrapolate the findings of Doremalen to that conclusion.
==Consequences for action==
* Further study infectiousness of aerosols, for example in ferret models?

=Choir singing and Corona risk=
==Observations==
* Several choir-based outbreaks of COVID19 have been observed. The specific risks of singing together, even when respecting 6 feet distance, have not been investigated. <ref>A choir decided to go ahead with rehearsal. Now dozens of members have COVID-19 and two
are dead. Los Angeles Times. [https://josiebrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Choir-practice-turns-fatal.-Coronavirus-is-to-blame-Los-Angeles-Times.pdf By RICHARD READ; SEATTLE BUREAU CHIEF: MARCH 29, 2020].</ref> <ref>Wei, W. E., Li, Z., Chiew, C. J., Yong, S. E., Toh, M. P., & Lee, V. J. (2020). Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 411.</ref> <ref>Mangara, B. T., Napolitano, E. C., Passannante, M. R., McDonald, R. J., & Reichman, L. B. (1998). Mycobacterium tuberculosis miniepidemic in a church gospel choir. Chest, 113(1), 234-237.</ref> <ref>45 of 60 People Who Went to Washington Choir Practice Have Coronavirus. [https://www.thedailybeast.com/coronavirus-strikes-45-of-60-people-who-went-to-mount-vernon-washington-choir-practice?fbclid=IwAR0gnUfcx2mMn6-aKCV_Iu6cPNIoCO8TCmDsQrNGl6muG9--H22otyK9LbM The Daily Beast. Tracy Connor Executive Editor Published Mar. 30, 2020]</ref>
** A video with observations from Korea provides some insights (the video starts at 11:30, but you can watch all of it if you want to):
{{#ev:youtube|gAk7aX5hksU|||||start=690}}

* Other outbreaks, such as the one at the South Korean Call Centre, suggest that aerosol (airborne) transmission could play a part, in addition to droplet and indirect transmission. <ref>Suggested citation for this article: Park SY, Kim YM, Yi S, Lee S, Na BJ, Kim CB, et al. Coronavirus disease outbreak in call center, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Aug [early release, cited on 2 May 2020]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201274</ref>

* What we know: Speech and other vocal activities such as singing have been shown to generate air particles, with the rate of emission corresponding to voice loudness. <ref>Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Aerosol emission and super emissions during human speech increase with voice loudness. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6382806/ Sci Rep 2019;9:2348. 10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z]</ref>. Singing is comparable to continuous coughing, as demonstrated by spread of tuberculosis. <ref>Loudon RG, Roberts RM. Singing and the dissemination of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 98: 297–300.</ref>

* A study of choir practice attendees suggests that transmission of COVID-19 was facilitated by close proximity and physical contact and may have been augmented by the act of singing. <Ref> Hamner L, Dubbel P, Capron I, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice - Skagit County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(19):606-610. Published 2020 May 15. 2020</ref>

==Analysis and interpretation==
* Observations could prompt public health authorities to add 'singing' to the list of risk-behaviors for COVID19 transmission. Biologically, it is plausible that singing increases the risk of transmission of respiratory diseases.

==Consequences for action==
* In prevention programmes for COVID19, specific attention should go out to advising choirs and other singing groups.

=References=

Transmission Barriers

2020-09-27T20:59:38Z

Bosmana: /* What is already known= */

This page collects observations, interpretations, and consequences action about the epidemiology of SARS-CoV2 in general. Please observe the structure of the page, when you add your content. Please use references where possible. Remember to find the relevant page. For example, if your observation is about [[transmission routes]], please use that page, instead of posting your content here.

=Face masks=
==What is already known===
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591312/ Small, short-term study]: Surgical masks worn by patients reduce aerosols shedding of the virus. The abundance of viral copies in fine particle aerosols and evidence for their infectiousness suggests an important role in seasonal influenza transmission.
* [http://Http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30229968/ Larger study]: A 50% compliance in donning the device resulted in a significant (at least 50% prevalence and 20% cumulative incidence) reduction in risk for fitted and unfitted N95 respirators, high-filtration surgical masks, and both low-filtration and high-filtration pediatric masks.
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29140516/ Meta-analysis of studies]: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicated a protective effect of masks and respirators against clinical respiratory illness (CRI) (risk ratio [RR] = 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.46-0.77) and influenza-like illness (ILI) (RR = 0.34; 95% CI:0.14-0.82)
* Standard surgical masks are as effective as respirator masks (e.g. N95, FFP2, FFP3) for preventing infection of healthcare workers in outbreaks of viral respiratory illnesses such as influenza. No head to head trial of these masks in COVID-19 has yet been published, and neither type of mask prevents all infection. Both types of mask need to be used in combination with other PPE measures. Respirator masks are recommended for protection during aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs). Rapid reviews on wider PPE measures, and what counts as an AGP, are ongoing. <ref name="CEBM-masks">What is the efficacy of standard face masks compared to respirator masks in preventing COVID-type respiratory illnesses in primary care staff?[https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-efficacy-of-standard-face-masks-compared-to-respirator-masks-in-preventing-covid-type-respiratory-illnesses-in-primary-care-staff/ The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. COVID-19 Evidence. March 24, 2020]</ref>
* In a large meta-analysis performed for WHO concludes that face mask use could result in a large reduction in risk of infection <ref>CHU, Derek K., et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 2020.</ref>

==Observations==
==Analysis and interpretation==
==Consequences for action==

=Hand Hygiene=

==What is already known==
* Coronavirus can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. <Ref>Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection.</ref>. This is good news for the Alcohol Handrug Formula that WHO prescribes. <Ref>Guide to Local Production: [https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations]. </ref>
* Coronaviruses have a viral envelope, which makes them potentially susceptible to surface-active agents such as soap and alcohol. In vitro, several hand-rub products with an alcohol content of at least 75% reduced SARS-CoV-1 virus load by at least 4 log units and wine vinegar and 70% ethanol reduced SARS-CoV-1 load by more than 3 log units. It seems reasonable to extrapolate these results to SARS-CoV-2.<Ref name="CEBM-Hand">[https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/hand-disinfectant-and-covid-19/ Hand Disinfectant and COVID-19]. The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. COVID-19 Evidence. March 17, 2020</ref>
* In a study of over 20,000 person-years, outpatient visits for respiratory illness were 45% lower among army recruits who washed their hand at least five times a day compared with controls. Jefferson et al reviewed physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. They reported an odds ratio of 0.54 for respiratory infections in those who washed their hands frequently, compared with controls.<Ref name="CEBM-Hand"/>

==Observations==
* Strict hand hygiene is one of the pillars of COVID19 prevention and control. <Ref>WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public</ref>

==Analysis and interpretation==
* The advice of strict hand-hygiene in community settings, cannot always be followed, for example in communities that have no access to safe drinking water.

==Consequences for Action==
* Translation of the advice for hand-hygiene to poor resource settings is needed

=References=

Epidemiology

2020-09-18T20:08:15Z

Bosmana: /* Children */

This page collects observations, interpretations, and consequences for action about the epidemiology of SARS-CoV2 in general. Please observe the structure of the page, when you add your content. Please use references where possible. Remember to find the relevant page. For example, if your observation is about [[transmission routes]], please use that page, instead of posting your content here.

=What is already known=
* Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-COV2 and is a potentially fatal disease <ref name="Rothan2020">Rothan, Hussin A., and Siddappa N. Byrareddy. "The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak." Journal of Autoimmunity (2020): 102433.</ref> that is designated a PHEIC by WHO <Ref name="WHO-PHEIC">Emergency committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus(2019-ncov) https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)</ref>.
* Katri Manninen made the following infographic on the natural history of #COVID19: <Ref>Katri Manninen on Twitter, April 2020: https://twitter.com/kutrinet/status/1246202064901939201?s=20</ref>
[[File:49734417642 0f2d354f03 o.png|600px|Natural History of #COVID19 - by Katri Manninen (C) 2020]]

===Symptoms===
* The predominant symptoms in laboratory-confirmed cases is fever (88%) and dry cough (68%), followed by fatigue (38%), sputum production (33%), dyspnoea (19%), sore throat (14%), headache (14%) and myalgia or arthralgia (15%). Less common symptoms are diarrhoea (4%) and vomiting (5%).<Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020">ECDC Rapid risk assessment: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK – [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-sixth-update-Outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19.pdf sixth update]. </ref>
* About 80% of reported cases in China had mild to moderate disease (including non-pneumonia and pneumonia cases), 13.8% had severe disease and 6.1% were critical (respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction/failure). Current estimates suggest a median incubation period from five to six days for COVID-19, with a range from one to up to 14 days. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
* Italy reports consistently between 9% and 11% of the symptomatic cases to require intensive care treatment.<Ref name="Remuzzi">COVID19 and Italy: what next? Remuzzi. Lancet, March 13 2020</ref>
===Case fatality===
* Reliable estimates for case fatality for COVID-19 are still lacking and biased. Based on a large dataset from cases in China, the overall case-fatality risk (CFR) among laboratory-confirmed cases was higher in the early stages of the outbreak (17.3% for cases with symptom onset from 1-10 January) and has reduced over time to 0.7% for patients with symptom onset after 1 February. In data on diagnosed COVID-19 cases in China, Italy and South Korea, overall CFR was 2.3%, 2.8% and 0.5%, respectively, and increased with age in all settings, with the highest CFR among people over 80 years of age (14.8%, 8.2% and 3.7%, respectively).<Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>

===Viral shedding===
* Over the course of the infection, the virus has been identified in respiratory tract specimens 1-2 days before the onset of symptoms and it can persist for 7-12 days in moderate cases and up to 2 weeks in severe cases. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
* In faeces, viral RNA has been detected from day 5 after onset and up to 4 to 5 weeks in moderate cases. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
* SARS-CoV2 has been detected also in whole blood, serum, saliva and urine. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
* Prolonged viral RNA shedding has been reported from nasopharyngeal swabs, up to 37 days among adult patients and in faeces, for more than one month after infection in paediatric patients. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
===Basic reproduction number (R0)===
* The current estimates of the basic reproductive number R0 are between 2 and 3 in settings from China and during the early stage of an outbreak on a cruise ship. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
===Asymptomatic Infections===
* Based on Chinese data, the international WHO mission report indicates that up to 75% of initially asymptomatic cases will progress to clinical disease, making the true asymptomatic infection rather rare (estimated at 1-3%). <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
** The virus has been detected in asymptomatic persons. On a rapidly evolving cruise ship outbreak, where most of the passengers and staff were tested irrespective of symptoms, 51% of the laboratory-confirmed cases were asymptomatic at the time of confirmation. In Italy, 44% of the laboratory-confirmed cases have been asymptomatic. In Japan, 0.06% of reported cases have been asymptomatic. These proportions based on nationally notified cases likely reflect laboratory testing algorithms rather than true estimates of asymptomatic infections. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
** Both viral RNA and infectious virus particles were detected in throat swabs from two German citizens evacuated from Hubei province on 1 February 2020, who remained well and afebrile seven days after admission to a hospital in Frankfurt. Both a mother and a child in a family cluster remained asymptomatic (including normal chest CT images during the observation period) with qRT-PCR positive nasopharyngeal swab samples. Similar viral load in asymptomatic versus symptomatic cases was reported in a study including 18 patients. Persistent positivity of viral RNA in throat and anal swabs were reported in an asymptomatic female patient after 17 days of clinical observation and treatment. <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
* Potential transmission from an asymptomatic person has been reported in a familial cluster of five COVID-19 patients hospitalised with fever and respiratory symptoms that had contact before their onset of symptoms with an asymptomatic family member, a young 20-year-old woman, upon her return from Wuhan. She remained asymptomatic for the whole duration of laboratory and clinical monitoring (19 days).
* Transmission in a pre-symptomatic stage of infection: In addition to case reports, the pre-symptomatic transmission has been inferred through modelling, and the proportion of pre-symptomatic transmission was estimated to be around 48% and 62%. The pre-symptomatic transmission was deemed likely based on a shorter serial interval of COVID-19 (4.0 to 4.6 days) than the mean incubation period (five days) with the authors indicating that many secondary transmissions would have already occurred at the time when symptomatic cases are detected and isolated. Major uncertainties remain in assessing the influence of pre-symptomatic transmission on the overall transmission dynamics of the pandemic.

===Vulnerable groups===
* Data from Italy corroborate previously identified population groups at higher risk for having severe disease and death. These groups are elderly people above 70 years of age, and people with underlying conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and cancer. Men in these groups appear to be at a higher risk than females. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension have been identified as strong predictors for ICU admission.<Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/>
* Higher ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme II) gene expression may be linked to higher susceptibility to SARSCoV-2. It has been shown that ACE2 expression in lung tissues increases with age, tobacco use and with some types of antihypertensive treatment. These observations might explain the vulnerability of older people, tobacco users/smokers and those with hypertension; they also highlight the importance of identifying smokers as a potential vulnerable group for COVID-19. <Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/> <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>
* Currently available information indicates that children are as likely to be infected as adults, however they experience mild clinical manifestations. About 2.4% of the total reported cases in China (as of 20 February 2020) were individuals under 19 years of age. A very small proportion of those aged under 19 years have developed severe (2.5%) or critical disease (0.2%). <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>

====Pregnant women and neonates====
* A recent retrospective review of medical records by Chen et al. identified two cases of fetal distress among the nine monitored pregnancies, but did not identify any evidence of intrauterine infection. <ref>Zhang, Jiawei, et al. "Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals That the Reproductive System is Potentially at Risk from SARS-CoV-2." (2020).</ref>
* Pregnant women appear to experience similar clinical manifestations as nonpregnant adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. There are only two reported cases of mothers with ICU admission and requiring mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). <Ref name="ECDCRRA7">ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment COVID19 7th Update. 25 March 2020. </ref>
* No maternal deaths have been reported so far. COVID-19 appears to be less lethal for pregnant women than SARS (15% CFR in pregnancy) and MERS (27% CFR in pregnancy).<Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/>
* There is limited evidence of severe adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage, preterm birth, stillbirths and foetal distress. No pregnancy losses and only one stillbirth have been reported to date.<Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/>
* Intrauterine transmission appears to be unlikely. Elective Caesarean section deliveries have been commonly reported as a precautionary method to avoid perinatal transmission.<Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/>
* A confirmed COVID-19 neonatal case has been recently reported, however, the mode of transmission remains unclear. A neonate born to a confirmed maternal case had negative laboratory results for COVID-19 and died due to multi-organ failure.<Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/>
* The virus has not been found in breastmilk.<Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/> <Ref name="ECDCRRA12032020"/>

====Children====
* From early on, it was clear COVID19 attack rates in children were low. In Wuhan, no children tested positive between November 2019 and mid-January, per [https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf an early WHO report]. <ref name="WHOJointMission">[https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 16-24 February 2020.] </ref>
* A study of 391 cases and 1,286 close contacts in Shenzhen, China, showed that kids under 9 had an attack rate of 7.4%, similar to adults (though adults 60-69 had a higher attack rate of 15.4%). <ref name="BiQ2020">Bi, Q., Wu, Y., Mei, S., Ye, C., Zou, X., Zhang, Z., ... & Gao, W. (2020). Epidemiology and Transmission of COVID-19 in Shenzhen China: Analysis of 391 cases and 1,286 of their close contacts. medRxiv.</ref>
* Another sophisticated study using multiple sources of data concluded that, compared to those aged 30–59 years, those aged <30 years and >59 years are 0.16 and 2.0 times more susceptible to symptomatic infection. <ref>Wu, J. T., Leung, K., Bushman, M., Kishore, N., Niehus, R., de Salazar, P. M., ... & Leung, G. M. (2020). Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. Nature Medicine, 1-5.</ref>
* Transmission from pregnant women to their children in utero (known as ‘vertical transmission’) seems rare for COVID-19, too. <ref>Dong L, Tian J, He S, et al. Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn. JAMA. Published online March 26, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4621</ref> This is similar to SARS (from 2003).
* Not only is the symptomatic attack rate (mind you: not the Infection Rate) low in children (which we will need to confirm, eventually, with 'serological' tests in surveys), but the fatality rate, among those kids who do get infected, is very low.
* In the Diamond Princess cruise ship, there were 3,711 people and 634 cases of COVID19 (an attack rate of 17%). Half were asymptomatic. There were just 39 people <19 years old; only 5 got infected and only 2 had symptoms; and none died. <ref>Russell, T. W., Hellewell, J., Jarvis, C. I., van-Zandvoort, K., Abbott, S., Ratnayake, R., ... & CMMID nCov working group. (2020). Estimating the infection and case fatality ratio for COVID-19 using age-adjusted data from the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. medRxiv.</ref>
* A large study of 2,143 pediatric patients in China found that, while 90% had mild or moderate illness, children <1 are more likely to have critical illness, if infected. <ref>Dong, Y., Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics.</ref>
* Overall, children are at a similar risk of '''infection''' as the adult population, though less likely to have severe ''symptoms'', if infected. <ref name="BiQ2020"/> <Ref name="ECDCRRA7"/>
* ECDC summarizes that "No evidence has been found to suggest that children are the primary drivers of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission. However, research has shown that children can become infected, and spread the virus to adults while they are symptomatic." <ref>Q&A on COVID-19 in children aged 0–18 years and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/facts/questions-answers-school-transmission Webpage, accessed 18 September 2020. </ref>
** Note that ECDC does NOT say that children do not contribute to community transmission, only that evidence is lacking that they are 'the primary driver'.

===Reservoir and sources===
* The three first reported cases were hospitalized on 27 December 2019 in Wuhan; one patient was a retailer on the seafood market in Wuhan, another was a frequent visitor of the same market. The third patients was not reported to be associated to the market. <Ref name="Zhu2020"> Zhu, Na, et al. "A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019." New England Journal of Medicine (2020).</ref>
* COVID19 is likely of animal origin. <ref name="Rothan2020"/> The virus has 85% similarity to a strain that was isolated from bats in East China. <Ref name="Zhu2020"/>
===Transmission Routes===
* Person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection is the predominant way in which this virus spreads among the human population. <ref name="Rothan2020"/>. Transmission occurs through close contact (droplets, hands) and fomites. Therefore handwashing and social distancing are effective control measures, in the absence of a vaccine.
* Extensive measures to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak. <ref name="Rothan2020"/>
* Special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children, health care providers, and elderly people.<ref name="Rothan2020"/>

=Detailed pages=
For the following specific epidemiological topics, please use the subpages to document your observations:
** [[Reservoirs]]
*** [[Sources]]
** [[Transmission routes|Transmission Routes]]
** [[Transmission Barriers]]
** [[Immune Response]]
** [[Pathogenesis]]
*** [[Risk factors for severe disease]]
** [[Contagiousness]]

For other epidemiological topics, please use this page.

=Proportion asymptomatic=
==Observations==
* There is clear evidence of asymptomatic infection with COVID-19. Estimates of the proportion of laboratory-confirmed cases who are asymptomatic may vary by age group, study setting and study methodology ranging from 1.2% (China)<ref>Surveillances, V. (2020). The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020. China CDC Weekly, 2(8), 113-122.</ref>, 6.4% (Italy)<Ref>[https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Infografica_26marzo%20ENG.pdf Integrated surveillance of COVID19 in Italy. Website ISS]</ref>, 12.9% (pediatric cases in China)<ref>Dong, Y., Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics.</ref>, 13.0% (long-term care facility in Washington State) <Ref>Kimball, A. (2020). Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility—King County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69.</ref>, and 17.9% (modelled estimate based on data from the Diamond Princess cruise ship)<Ref name=“Mizmuto2020”>Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., Zarebski, A., & Chowell, G. (2020). Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. [https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180 Eurosurveillance, 25(10).] </ref>. The extent to which screening is undertaken in group exposures and for contacts of cases, as well the duration of follow-up to ensure asymptomatic individuals do not subsequently develop symptoms will also influence the proportion of cases who are asymptomatic. <Ref>[https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/what-we-know-jan-30-2020.pdf?la=en What We Know So Far About… Asymptomatic Infection and Asymptomatic Transmission.] SYNOPSIS Version 4 03/30/2020 [https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/diseases-and-conditions/infectious-diseases/respiratory-diseases/novel-coronavirus/what-we-know COVID-19 – Public Health Ontario]</ref>
* A cohort study around an outbreak of COVID19 in a bar in Vietnam in March 2020 suggests that the proportion of asymptomatic infections is larger than estimated so far. The study differentiated between asymptomatic (44% of all observed infections) and presymptomatic (38%). <ref name="Valencia2020">Valencia C, Quang L, Handcock M, Nguyen D, Doan Q, Nguyen TV, Le N, Truong T, Do H, Otsu S, Le T. Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection: An Estimation from a Cluster of Confirmed Cases in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.</ref>

==Analysis and interpretation==
* The observations by Mizumoto and the International WHO Mission seemed to contradict on the issue of proportion asymptomatic infections. Though cruise ship populations are hardly representative of national populations, they can be considered reliable environments to study the natural history of infectious disease, when observing large groups of exposed susceptibles.
* The study by Valencia and others <ref name="Valencia2020"/> is one of the few very well designed cohort studies in a field context where national quarantine guidelines required that close (high risk) contacts are quarantined in government facilities (instead of at home). This allows more reliable observations of the entire cohort of exposed people. Since everyone in the cohort is tested, there is not the usual selection bias (of only testing people with symptoms, or excluding certain ages). This study is also different from the Cruise Ship Studies, since the population in the study by Valencia has no homogenous mixing: After the exposure at the Bar on 14 March, all contacts were traced and quarantined. All infected contacts (apparent by positive test), were again subjected to contact-tracing, thus allowing a reliable observation of secondary attack rates for asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic and symptomatic cases.
* Having reliable estimates of the proportion asymptomatics is relevant for modelling the disease at the population level and making predictions about group immunity and transmission coefficients.

==Consequences for action==
* More field studies such as the one designed and performed by Valencia and others <ref name="Valencia2020"/> are needed to further strengthen the body of evidence around the natural history of SARS-CoV2 infections. Understanding the extend of asymptomatic transmission is a relevant piece of evidence to be taken into account in response strategies (be it containment or mitigation)

=Anosmia=
==Observations==
* An increasing number of reports occur on the sudden loss of smell and taste among a proportion of the COVID19 patients. <Ref name="Business Insider">If you’ve lost your sense of smell or taste, you could be a ‘hidden carrier’ of the coronavirus. [https://www.businessinsider.nl/coronavirus-symptoms-loss-of-smell-taste-covid-19-anosmia-hyposmia-2020-3?international=true&r=US Brianna Moné. Business Insider 22 Mar 2020] </ref> <ref>Brann, D., T. Tsukahara, C. Weinreb, and D. W. Logan. 2020. “Non-Neural Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes in the Olfactory Epithelium Suggests Mechanisms Underlying Anosmia in COVID-19 Patients.” bioRxiv. https://trafficlight.bitdefender.com/info?url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084v1.abstract.</ref> <ref>Iacobucci, Gareth. 2020. “Sixty Seconds on... Anosmia.” BMJ 368 (March): m1202.</ref> <ref>Bagheri, Seyed Hamid Reza, Ali Mohammad Asghari, Mohammad Farhadi, Ahmad Reza Shamshiri, Ali Kabir, Seyed Kamran Kamrava, Maryam Jalessi, et al. 2020. “Coincidence of COVID-19 Epidemic and Olfactory Dysfunction Outbreak.” medRxiv. https://trafficlight.bitdefender.com/info?url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.20041889v1.abstract.</ref> <ref>Hopkins, C., and N. Kumar. 2020. “Loss of Sense of Smell as Marker of COVID-19 Infection.” Retrieved from: https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf</ref>
* Google analysis shows that 'I cannot smell' is a search term significantly associated with the locations where most COVID19 cases are reported. <ref>Google Searches Can Help Us Find Emerging Covid-19 Outbreaks. They can also reveal symptoms that at first went undetected. I may have found a new one. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/opinion/coronavirus-google-searches.html New York Times. 5 April 2020]</ref>
[[File:Seth-900.png|600px|New York Times article on COVID19 and Anosmia, 5 April 2020]]

==Analysis and Interpretation==
* This observation requires a systematic clinical follow up of COVID19 patients, including pathognomonic studies
==Consequences for Action==
* If the relation COVID19 and Anosmia is confirmed, then clusters of sudden anosmia could be considered a clinical indicator of COVID19 in the population when testing is unavailable.

=Unusual clinical expression=
As in any novel pathogen, it may be difficult to fully understand the natural history of the disease, including the full spectrum of symptoms. Selection bias is always a risk, especially once we have agreed on a case definition that guides further case finding. In that sense, a case definition may become a 'self-fulfilling prophecy', since we filter out any unusual clinical manifestations.
This section is used to report on observations.
==Observations==
* It seems that among children & adolescents, dermatological foot lesions are present, before the appearance of respiratory symptoms or fever. These are purple-coloured lesions, usually appear around the toes and heal without leaving marks on the skin.<Ref>Anekdotal an observation shared by Grazia Caleo, MSF, on 16 April 2020</ref>
* Some note "chilblains-like lesion or as a vasculitis-like presentation on fingers and toes that can occur in children, teenagers and adults who have been diagnosed as positive for COVID-19 or are asymptomatic." <Ref>COVID-19 Skin Manifestations And The Foot: What We Know So Far. April 22, 2020 By Tracey Vlahovic DPM. https://www.podiatrytoday.com/blogged/covid-19-skin-manifestations-and-foot-what-we-know-so-far</ref>
* In Italy, health-care practitioners confirmed dozens of reports of acrocyanotic lesions in asymptomatic COVID-19-positive children and adolescents who were generally in good health prior to the skin rash onset. <ref>Mazzotta F, Troccoli T. Acute acro-ischemia in the child at the time of COVID-19. International Federation of Podiatrists. Available at: https://www.fip-ifp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/acroischemia-ENG.pdf Accessed April 16, 2020.</ref>
* Cardiac arrests and arrhythmias are likely the consequence of systemic illness and not solely the direct effects of COVID-19 infection. <ref>Bhatla, A., Mayer, M. M., Adusumalli, S., Hyman, M. C., Oh, E., Tierney, A., ... & Domenico, C. M. (2020). COVID-19 and Cardiac Arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm.</ref>
==Analysis and interpretation==
* The dermatological signs, if confirmed to be associated to SARS-CoV2, could be useful for identifying children and adolescents with minimal forms of infection, but potential sources of further infection.
==Consequences for action==
* We need to remain vigilant to unusual expressions of SARSCoV2 infections and not be caught in a tunnel vision as determined by strict COVID19 case definitions.

=References=

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T20:00:35Z

Bosmana: /* 11 June (7,322,356) */

==June 2020==
===1 June (6,136,294 cases)===

===2 June (6,236,775 cases)===

===3 June (6,349,294 cases)===

===4 June (6,475,978 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technicap report “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/conducting-action-and-after-action-reviews-public-health-response-covid-19 Conducting in-action and after-action reviews of the public health response to COVID-19]”

===5 June (6,603,649 Cases)===

===6 June (6,706,329 Cases)===

===7 June (6,835,954 cases)===

===8 June (6,960,259 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technical report on “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/options-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-covid-19-pandemic Options for the decontamination and reuse of respirators in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic]”

===9 June (7,063,022)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care#copy-to-clipboard COVID-19 infection prevention and control for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 infection prevention and control for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings – 9 June 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>

===10 June (7,188,001)===
* ECDC publishes the guidance "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-mobile-applications-support-contact-tracing#copy-to-clipboard Mobile applications in support of contact tracing for COVID-19 – A guidance for EU/EEA Member States]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Mobile applications in support of contact tracing for COVID-19 – A guidance for EU/EEA Member States, 10 June 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>

===11 June (7,322,356)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-risk-assessment-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic-tenth-update#copy-to-clipboard Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – tenth update]" <ref>Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – tenth update, 11 June 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>

===12 June (7,458,655)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/passenger-locator-data-entry-exit-screening-health-declaration#copy-to-clipboard Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19] ", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>. Key messages:
** The availability of passenger locator data, particularly for airline passengers, is extremely important for the success and effectiveness of contact tracing operations for communicable diseases. In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing is one of the most important public health activities which, in conjunction with testing and active case finding, can help to minimise the risk of new cases being introduced into new areas or areas with low incidence.
** In order for contact tracing to be successful and efficient, passenger locator data should become available to the public health authorities as soon as possible after the identification of a confirmed case among airline passengers.
** Current evidence indicates that entry and/or exit screening at ports of entry, such as airports, is ineffective in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

===13 June (7,603,241)===
===14 June (7,736,951)===
===15 June (7,858,761)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-guidance-prevention-control-migrant-refugee-centres#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres in the EU/EEA and the United Kingdom – June 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020. </ref>. Highlights:
** Migrant and refugee reception and detention centres should be given priority for testing, due to the risk of rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in these settings. All individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms should be tested on arrival, and possible, probable or confirmed COVID-19 cases not needing hospitalisation should be isolated or separated from others in the premises. Contact tracing should occur for all cases identified as positive. Asymptomatic new arrivals can also be considered for testing to reduce the risk of introduction of cases in reception and detention centres; however, a negative test does not exclude the possibility of the person becoming infectious in the next 14 days.
** Communicating about the risks and prevention of COVID-19 with migrant and refugees currently housed in reception and detention centres requires community engagement and health communication strategies that are adapted to meet the different language, cultural and literacy needs of the different populations.

===16 June (7,976,993)===
===17 June (8,117,945)===
* ECDC Publishes "Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities" a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities in the EU/EEA and the UK – 17 June 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>

===18 June (8,294,556)===
===19 June (8,432,968)===
===20 June (8,613,565)===
===21 June (8,774,393)===
===22 June (8,903,967)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19 Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in the context of COVID-19]", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19. 22 june 2020. Stockholm. </ref>

===23 June (9,037,727)===
===24 June (9,201,109)===
===25 June (9,375,718)===
===26 June (9,554,877)===
===27 June (9,743,622)===
===28 June (9,926,099)===
===29 June (10,086,642)===
===30 June (10,244,488)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:59:27Z

Bosmana: /* 10 June (7,188,001) */

==June 2020==
===1 June (6,136,294 cases)===

===2 June (6,236,775 cases)===

===3 June (6,349,294 cases)===

===4 June (6,475,978 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technicap report “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/conducting-action-and-after-action-reviews-public-health-response-covid-19 Conducting in-action and after-action reviews of the public health response to COVID-19]”

===5 June (6,603,649 Cases)===

===6 June (6,706,329 Cases)===

===7 June (6,835,954 cases)===

===8 June (6,960,259 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technical report on “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/options-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-covid-19-pandemic Options for the decontamination and reuse of respirators in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic]”

===9 June (7,063,022)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care#copy-to-clipboard COVID-19 infection prevention and control for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 infection prevention and control for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings – 9 June 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>

===10 June (7,188,001)===
* ECDC publishes the guidance "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-mobile-applications-support-contact-tracing#copy-to-clipboard Mobile applications in support of contact tracing for COVID-19 – A guidance for EU/EEA Member States]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Mobile applications in support of contact tracing for COVID-19 – A guidance for EU/EEA Member States, 10 June 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>

===11 June (7,322,356)===
===12 June (7,458,655)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/passenger-locator-data-entry-exit-screening-health-declaration#copy-to-clipboard Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19] ", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>. Key messages:
** The availability of passenger locator data, particularly for airline passengers, is extremely important for the success and effectiveness of contact tracing operations for communicable diseases. In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing is one of the most important public health activities which, in conjunction with testing and active case finding, can help to minimise the risk of new cases being introduced into new areas or areas with low incidence.
** In order for contact tracing to be successful and efficient, passenger locator data should become available to the public health authorities as soon as possible after the identification of a confirmed case among airline passengers.
** Current evidence indicates that entry and/or exit screening at ports of entry, such as airports, is ineffective in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

===13 June (7,603,241)===
===14 June (7,736,951)===
===15 June (7,858,761)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-guidance-prevention-control-migrant-refugee-centres#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres in the EU/EEA and the United Kingdom – June 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020. </ref>. Highlights:
** Migrant and refugee reception and detention centres should be given priority for testing, due to the risk of rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in these settings. All individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms should be tested on arrival, and possible, probable or confirmed COVID-19 cases not needing hospitalisation should be isolated or separated from others in the premises. Contact tracing should occur for all cases identified as positive. Asymptomatic new arrivals can also be considered for testing to reduce the risk of introduction of cases in reception and detention centres; however, a negative test does not exclude the possibility of the person becoming infectious in the next 14 days.
** Communicating about the risks and prevention of COVID-19 with migrant and refugees currently housed in reception and detention centres requires community engagement and health communication strategies that are adapted to meet the different language, cultural and literacy needs of the different populations.

===16 June (7,976,993)===
===17 June (8,117,945)===
* ECDC Publishes "Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities" a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities in the EU/EEA and the UK – 17 June 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>

===18 June (8,294,556)===
===19 June (8,432,968)===
===20 June (8,613,565)===
===21 June (8,774,393)===
===22 June (8,903,967)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19 Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in the context of COVID-19]", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19. 22 june 2020. Stockholm. </ref>

===23 June (9,037,727)===
===24 June (9,201,109)===
===25 June (9,375,718)===
===26 June (9,554,877)===
===27 June (9,743,622)===
===28 June (9,926,099)===
===29 June (10,086,642)===
===30 June (10,244,488)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:58:21Z

Bosmana: /* 9 June (7,063,022) */

==June 2020==
===1 June (6,136,294 cases)===

===2 June (6,236,775 cases)===

===3 June (6,349,294 cases)===

===4 June (6,475,978 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technicap report “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/conducting-action-and-after-action-reviews-public-health-response-covid-19 Conducting in-action and after-action reviews of the public health response to COVID-19]”

===5 June (6,603,649 Cases)===

===6 June (6,706,329 Cases)===

===7 June (6,835,954 cases)===

===8 June (6,960,259 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technical report on “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/options-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-covid-19-pandemic Options for the decontamination and reuse of respirators in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic]”

===9 June (7,063,022)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care#copy-to-clipboard COVID-19 infection prevention and control for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 infection prevention and control for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings – 9 June 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>

===10 June (7,188,001)===
===11 June (7,322,356)===
===12 June (7,458,655)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/passenger-locator-data-entry-exit-screening-health-declaration#copy-to-clipboard Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19] ", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>. Key messages:
** The availability of passenger locator data, particularly for airline passengers, is extremely important for the success and effectiveness of contact tracing operations for communicable diseases. In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing is one of the most important public health activities which, in conjunction with testing and active case finding, can help to minimise the risk of new cases being introduced into new areas or areas with low incidence.
** In order for contact tracing to be successful and efficient, passenger locator data should become available to the public health authorities as soon as possible after the identification of a confirmed case among airline passengers.
** Current evidence indicates that entry and/or exit screening at ports of entry, such as airports, is ineffective in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

===13 June (7,603,241)===
===14 June (7,736,951)===
===15 June (7,858,761)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-guidance-prevention-control-migrant-refugee-centres#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres in the EU/EEA and the United Kingdom – June 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020. </ref>. Highlights:
** Migrant and refugee reception and detention centres should be given priority for testing, due to the risk of rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in these settings. All individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms should be tested on arrival, and possible, probable or confirmed COVID-19 cases not needing hospitalisation should be isolated or separated from others in the premises. Contact tracing should occur for all cases identified as positive. Asymptomatic new arrivals can also be considered for testing to reduce the risk of introduction of cases in reception and detention centres; however, a negative test does not exclude the possibility of the person becoming infectious in the next 14 days.
** Communicating about the risks and prevention of COVID-19 with migrant and refugees currently housed in reception and detention centres requires community engagement and health communication strategies that are adapted to meet the different language, cultural and literacy needs of the different populations.

===16 June (7,976,993)===
===17 June (8,117,945)===
* ECDC Publishes "Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities" a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities in the EU/EEA and the UK – 17 June 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>

===18 June (8,294,556)===
===19 June (8,432,968)===
===20 June (8,613,565)===
===21 June (8,774,393)===
===22 June (8,903,967)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19 Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in the context of COVID-19]", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19. 22 june 2020. Stockholm. </ref>

===23 June (9,037,727)===
===24 June (9,201,109)===
===25 June (9,375,718)===
===26 June (9,554,877)===
===27 June (9,743,622)===
===28 June (9,926,099)===
===29 June (10,086,642)===
===30 June (10,244,488)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:56:00Z

Bosmana: /* 12 June (7,458,655) */

==June 2020==
===1 June (6,136,294 cases)===

===2 June (6,236,775 cases)===

===3 June (6,349,294 cases)===

===4 June (6,475,978 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technicap report “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/conducting-action-and-after-action-reviews-public-health-response-covid-19 Conducting in-action and after-action reviews of the public health response to COVID-19]”

===5 June (6,603,649 Cases)===

===6 June (6,706,329 Cases)===

===7 June (6,835,954 cases)===

===8 June (6,960,259 cases)===
* ECDC publishes technical report on “[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/options-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-covid-19-pandemic Options for the decontamination and reuse of respirators in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic]”

===9 June (7,063,022)===
===10 June (7,188,001)===
===11 June (7,322,356)===
===12 June (7,458,655)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/passenger-locator-data-entry-exit-screening-health-declaration#copy-to-clipboard Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19] ", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Considerations relating to passenger locator data, entry and exit screening and health declarations in the context of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>. Key messages:
** The availability of passenger locator data, particularly for airline passengers, is extremely important for the success and effectiveness of contact tracing operations for communicable diseases. In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing is one of the most important public health activities which, in conjunction with testing and active case finding, can help to minimise the risk of new cases being introduced into new areas or areas with low incidence.
** In order for contact tracing to be successful and efficient, passenger locator data should become available to the public health authorities as soon as possible after the identification of a confirmed case among airline passengers.
** Current evidence indicates that entry and/or exit screening at ports of entry, such as airports, is ineffective in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

===13 June (7,603,241)===
===14 June (7,736,951)===
===15 June (7,858,761)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-guidance-prevention-control-migrant-refugee-centres#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres in the EU/EEA and the United Kingdom – June 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020. </ref>. Highlights:
** Migrant and refugee reception and detention centres should be given priority for testing, due to the risk of rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in these settings. All individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms should be tested on arrival, and possible, probable or confirmed COVID-19 cases not needing hospitalisation should be isolated or separated from others in the premises. Contact tracing should occur for all cases identified as positive. Asymptomatic new arrivals can also be considered for testing to reduce the risk of introduction of cases in reception and detention centres; however, a negative test does not exclude the possibility of the person becoming infectious in the next 14 days.
** Communicating about the risks and prevention of COVID-19 with migrant and refugees currently housed in reception and detention centres requires community engagement and health communication strategies that are adapted to meet the different language, cultural and literacy needs of the different populations.

===16 June (7,976,993)===
===17 June (8,117,945)===
* ECDC Publishes "Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities" a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Monitoring and evaluation framework for COVID-19 response activities in the EU/EEA and the UK – 17 June 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>

===18 June (8,294,556)===
===19 June (8,432,968)===
===20 June (8,613,565)===
===21 June (8,774,393)===
===22 June (8,903,967)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19 Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems in the context of COVID-19]", a technical report. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/heating-ventilation-air-conditioning-systems-covid-19. 22 june 2020. Stockholm. </ref>

===23 June (9,037,727)===
===24 June (9,201,109)===
===25 June (9,375,718)===
===26 June (9,554,877)===
===27 June (9,743,622)===
===28 June (9,926,099)===
===29 June (10,086,642)===
===30 June (10,244,488)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:54:38Z

Bosmana: /* 12 June (7,458,655) */

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:54:19Z

Bosmana: /* 12 June (7,458,655) */

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:51:42Z

Bosmana: /* 15 June (7,858,761) */

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:49:40Z

Bosmana: /* 17 June (8,117,945) */

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T19:47:46Z

Bosmana: /* 22 June (8,903,967) */

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:44:47Z

Bosmana: /* 2 July (10,636,992) */

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-aviation-health-safety-protocol COVID-19 Aviation Health Safety Protocol: Guidance for the management of airline passengers in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic]", a technical report.

===2 July (10,636,992)===
* ECDC Publishes "Use of gloves in healthcare and non-healthcare settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Use of gloves in healthcare and non-healthcare settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>.
** In the community setting, there is no evidence to support use of gloves
** In healthcare settings:
*** The use of medical gloves is recommended as part of standard precautions to reduce the risk of contamination of healthcare workers’ hands with blood and other body fluids including contact with non-intact skin and mucous membranes.
*** When indicated, use of medical gloves is recommended as part of contact precautions, to reduce the risk of pathogen dissemination to the patient’s environment, to other patients and for the protection of healthcare workers.
*** Taking into consideration the currently available types of gloves for use in healthcare settings, extended use, decontamination and reuse of single-use medical gloves is discouraged.
*** In the event of shortages, single-use medical gloves should be prioritised for use in healthcare settings.
* ECDC is quite busy, and publishes this too: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-risk-assessment-resurgence-reported-cases-covid-19#copy-to-clipboard Resurgence of reported cases of COVID-19]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Resurgence of reported cases of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA, the UK and EU candidate and potential candidates – 2 July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>

===3 July (10,845,615)===
* ECDC publishes a new technical protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-surveillance-covid-19-prisons#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons in EU/EEA countries and the UK – July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And another one: [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update] <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update. 3 July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And yet another: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-medically-and-socially-vulnerable-populations-covid-19#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations in EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic, 3 July 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. </ref>. Some highlights:
** The efforts of civil society support organisations over the course of the pandemic to date have been remarkable, but they may not be sustainable over the longer term, and they do not replace states’ obligations to ensure access to care and support for people on their territory.
** Financial and political support from national and regional authorities along with collaborative efforts to coordinate and streamline services may be essential if the support organisations are to survive and continue to serve the most vulnerable populations in the EU/EEA.

===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
* ECDC publishes a protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-rail-protocol COVID-19 Rail Protocol: Recommendations for the safe resumption of railway services in Europe]"

===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/COVID-19-cruise-ship-guidance COVID-19: EU guidance for cruise ship operations]"

===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:44:20Z

Bosmana: /* 2 July (10,636,992) */

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-aviation-health-safety-protocol COVID-19 Aviation Health Safety Protocol: Guidance for the management of airline passengers in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic]", a technical report.

===2 July (10,636,992)===
* ECDC Publishes "Use of gloves in healthcare and non-healthcare settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Use of gloves in healthcare and non-healthcare settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>.
** In the community setting, there is no evidence to support use of gloves
** In healthcare settings:
*** The use of medical gloves is recommended as part of standard precautions to reduce the risk of contamination of healthcare workers’ hands with blood and other body fluids including contact with non-intact skin and mucous membranes.
*** When indicated, use of medical gloves is recommended as part of contact precautions, to reduce the risk of pathogen dissemination to the patient’s environment, to other patients and for the protection of healthcare workers.
*** Taking into consideration the currently available types of gloves for use in healthcare settings, extended use, decontamination and reuse of single-use medical gloves is discouraged.
*** In the event of shortages, single-use medical gloves should be prioritised for use in healthcare settings.
* ECDC is quite busy, and publishes this too: "Resurgence of reported cases of COVID-19" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Resurgence of reported cases of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA, the UK and EU candidate and potential candidates – 2 July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>

===3 July (10,845,615)===
* ECDC publishes a new technical protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-surveillance-covid-19-prisons#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons in EU/EEA countries and the UK – July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And another one: [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update] <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update. 3 July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And yet another: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-medically-and-socially-vulnerable-populations-covid-19#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations in EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic, 3 July 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. </ref>. Some highlights:
** The efforts of civil society support organisations over the course of the pandemic to date have been remarkable, but they may not be sustainable over the longer term, and they do not replace states’ obligations to ensure access to care and support for people on their territory.
** Financial and political support from national and regional authorities along with collaborative efforts to coordinate and streamline services may be essential if the support organisations are to survive and continue to serve the most vulnerable populations in the EU/EEA.

===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
* ECDC publishes a protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-rail-protocol COVID-19 Rail Protocol: Recommendations for the safe resumption of railway services in Europe]"

===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/COVID-19-cruise-ship-guidance COVID-19: EU guidance for cruise ship operations]"

===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:40:28Z

Bosmana: /* 2 July (10,636,992) */

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-aviation-health-safety-protocol COVID-19 Aviation Health Safety Protocol: Guidance for the management of airline passengers in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic]", a technical report.

===2 July (10,636,992)===
* ECDC Publishes "Use of gloves in healthcare and non-healthcare settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Use of gloves in healthcare and non-healthcare settings in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>.
** In the community setting, there is no evidence to support use of gloves
** In healthcare settings:
*** The use of medical gloves is recommended as part of standard precautions to reduce the risk of contamination of healthcare workers’ hands with blood and other body fluids including contact with non-intact skin and mucous membranes.
*** When indicated, use of medical gloves is recommended as part of contact precautions, to reduce the risk of pathogen dissemination to the patient’s environment, to other patients and for the protection of healthcare workers.
*** Taking into consideration the currently available types of gloves for use in healthcare settings, extended use, decontamination and reuse of single-use medical gloves is discouraged.
*** In the event of shortages, single-use medical gloves should be prioritised for use in healthcare settings.

===3 July (10,845,615)===
* ECDC publishes a new technical protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-surveillance-covid-19-prisons#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons in EU/EEA countries and the UK – July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And another one: [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update] <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update. 3 July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And yet another: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-medically-and-socially-vulnerable-populations-covid-19#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations in EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic, 3 July 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. </ref>. Some highlights:
** The efforts of civil society support organisations over the course of the pandemic to date have been remarkable, but they may not be sustainable over the longer term, and they do not replace states’ obligations to ensure access to care and support for people on their territory.
** Financial and political support from national and regional authorities along with collaborative efforts to coordinate and streamline services may be essential if the support organisations are to survive and continue to serve the most vulnerable populations in the EU/EEA.

===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
* ECDC publishes a protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-rail-protocol COVID-19 Rail Protocol: Recommendations for the safe resumption of railway services in Europe]"

===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/COVID-19-cruise-ship-guidance COVID-19: EU guidance for cruise ship operations]"

===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:36:58Z

Bosmana: /* 1 July (10,436,498) */

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:34:07Z

Bosmana: /* 3 July (10,845,615) */

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
===2 July (10,636,992)===
===3 July (10,845,615)===
* ECDC publishes a new technical protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-surveillance-covid-19-prisons#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons in EU/EEA countries and the UK – July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And another one: [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update] <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update. 3 July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And yet another: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-medically-and-socially-vulnerable-populations-covid-19#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations in EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic, 3 July 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. </ref>. Some highlights:
** The efforts of civil society support organisations over the course of the pandemic to date have been remarkable, but they may not be sustainable over the longer term, and they do not replace states’ obligations to ensure access to care and support for people on their territory.
** Financial and political support from national and regional authorities along with collaborative efforts to coordinate and streamline services may be essential if the support organisations are to survive and continue to serve the most vulnerable populations in the EU/EEA.

===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
* ECDC publishes a protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-rail-protocol COVID-19 Rail Protocol: Recommendations for the safe resumption of railway services in Europe]"

===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/COVID-19-cruise-ship-guidance COVID-19: EU guidance for cruise ship operations]"

===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:32:46Z

Bosmana: /* 3 July (10,845,615) */

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
===2 July (10,636,992)===
===3 July (10,845,615)===
* ECDC publishes a new technical protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-surveillance-covid-19-prisons#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control and surveillance for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in prisons in EU/EEA countries and the UK – July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And another one: [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings#copy-to-clipboard Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update] <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings – Fourth update. 3 July 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>
* And yet another: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/guidance-medically-and-socially-vulnerable-populations-covid-19#copy-to-clipboard Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations]" <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance on the provision of support for medically and socially vulnerable populations in EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic, 3 July 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.
</ref>

===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
* ECDC publishes a protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-rail-protocol COVID-19 Rail Protocol: Recommendations for the safe resumption of railway services in Europe]"

===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/COVID-19-cruise-ship-guidance COVID-19: EU guidance for cruise ship operations]"

===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:27:23Z

Bosmana: /* 3 July (10,845,615) */

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:26:08Z

Bosmana: /* 3 July (10,845,615) */

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:23:54Z

Bosmana: /* 21 July (14,680,879) */

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
===2 July (10,636,992)===
===3 July (10,845,615)===
===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
* ECDC publishes a protocol: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-rail-protocol COVID-19 Rail Protocol: Recommendations for the safe resumption of railway services in Europe]"

===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/COVID-19-cruise-ship-guidance COVID-19: EU guidance for cruise ship operations]"

===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T19:21:25Z

Bosmana: /* 27 July (16,254,075) */

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
===2 July (10,636,992)===
===3 July (10,845,615)===
===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/COVID-19-cruise-ship-guidance COVID-19: EU guidance for cruise ship operations]"

===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T19:13:42Z

Bosmana: /* 6 August (18,806,105) */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/children-and-school-settings-covid-19-transmission#copy-to-clipboard COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission]", a technical report<ref>COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission, 6 August 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. </ref>

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/objectives-covid-19-testing-school-settings#copy-to-clipboard Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings - 10 August 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>. What are highlights?
** Objectives for testing in school settings:
*** To ensure early identification of cases among students and staff in order to conduct contact tracing and initiate prevention and control measures, thereby reducing further transmission.
*** To identify infection in students and staff at high risk of developing severe disease due to underlying conditions.
*** To support investigations and studies concerning the role of children in the transmission of COVID-19.

* ECDC also publishes "Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eleventh update: the resurgence of cases"<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eleventh update: resurgence of cases. 10 August 2020, Stockholm. </ref>
** Member States implementing comprehensive testing are better able to rapidly detect an increase in cases and identify groups at high risk of disease. Alongside a tailored local testing strategy, the speed of contact tracing is important to reduce transmission, and efforts should be made to shorten the time needed for each step in the testing, notification, and contact tracing process.
** As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it is natural for people to become fatigued and reduce compliance with public health measures. Risk communication efforts should be tailored to changes in the local situation and continuous messaging is needed to remind the population that the SARS-CoV-2 virus will remain in circulation within the community and that they should take everyday measures to reduce potential exposure, such as practising cough and respiratory etiquette, physical distancing and hand hygiene, wearing face masks, reducing the number of contacts and staying home when ill.

===11 August (20,086,067)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-clusters-and-outbreaks-occupational-settings-eueea-and-uk COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings] in the EU/EEA and the UK", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 11 August 2020.</ref>. What's new?
** Fifteen EU/EEA countries and the UK reported 1 376 clusters of COVID-19 in occupational settings which occurred between March and early July 2020.
** The majority of occupational COVID-19 clusters reported were from the health sector, however, testing of healthcare workers has been prioritised in all EU/EEA countries and the UK. Large numbers of clusters were also reported from the food packaging and processing sectors, in factories and manufacturing, and in-office settings. Fewer clusters were reported from the mining sector, however, some of these clusters have been large.
** Robust surveillance and contact tracing are essential, as are clear protocols on how to address outbreaks when they are detected.

===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 19 august 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T19:13:03Z

Bosmana: /* 6 August (18,806,105) */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===
* ECDC publishes "COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission", a technical report<ref>COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission, 6 August 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. </ref>

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/objectives-covid-19-testing-school-settings#copy-to-clipboard Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings - 10 August 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>. What are highlights?
** Objectives for testing in school settings:
*** To ensure early identification of cases among students and staff in order to conduct contact tracing and initiate prevention and control measures, thereby reducing further transmission.
*** To identify infection in students and staff at high risk of developing severe disease due to underlying conditions.
*** To support investigations and studies concerning the role of children in the transmission of COVID-19.

* ECDC also publishes "Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eleventh update: the resurgence of cases"<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eleventh update: resurgence of cases. 10 August 2020, Stockholm. </ref>
** Member States implementing comprehensive testing are better able to rapidly detect an increase in cases and identify groups at high risk of disease. Alongside a tailored local testing strategy, the speed of contact tracing is important to reduce transmission, and efforts should be made to shorten the time needed for each step in the testing, notification, and contact tracing process.
** As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it is natural for people to become fatigued and reduce compliance with public health measures. Risk communication efforts should be tailored to changes in the local situation and continuous messaging is needed to remind the population that the SARS-CoV-2 virus will remain in circulation within the community and that they should take everyday measures to reduce potential exposure, such as practising cough and respiratory etiquette, physical distancing and hand hygiene, wearing face masks, reducing the number of contacts and staying home when ill.

===11 August (20,086,067)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-clusters-and-outbreaks-occupational-settings-eueea-and-uk COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings] in the EU/EEA and the UK", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 11 August 2020.</ref>. What's new?
** Fifteen EU/EEA countries and the UK reported 1 376 clusters of COVID-19 in occupational settings which occurred between March and early July 2020.
** The majority of occupational COVID-19 clusters reported were from the health sector, however, testing of healthcare workers has been prioritised in all EU/EEA countries and the UK. Large numbers of clusters were also reported from the food packaging and processing sectors, in factories and manufacturing, and in-office settings. Fewer clusters were reported from the mining sector, however, some of these clusters have been large.
** Robust surveillance and contact tracing are essential, as are clear protocols on how to address outbreaks when they are detected.

===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 19 august 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T19:09:50Z

Bosmana: /* 10 August (19,866,418) */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/objectives-covid-19-testing-school-settings#copy-to-clipboard Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings - 10 August 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>. What are highlights?
** Objectives for testing in school settings:
*** To ensure early identification of cases among students and staff in order to conduct contact tracing and initiate prevention and control measures, thereby reducing further transmission.
*** To identify infection in students and staff at high risk of developing severe disease due to underlying conditions.
*** To support investigations and studies concerning the role of children in the transmission of COVID-19.

* ECDC also publishes "Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eleventh update: the resurgence of cases"<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid Risk Assessment: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eleventh update: resurgence of cases. 10 August 2020, Stockholm. </ref>
** Member States implementing comprehensive testing are better able to rapidly detect an increase in cases and identify groups at high risk of disease. Alongside a tailored local testing strategy, the speed of contact tracing is important to reduce transmission, and efforts should be made to shorten the time needed for each step in the testing, notification, and contact tracing process.
** As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it is natural for people to become fatigued and reduce compliance with public health measures. Risk communication efforts should be tailored to changes in the local situation and continuous messaging is needed to remind the population that the SARS-CoV-2 virus will remain in circulation within the community and that they should take everyday measures to reduce potential exposure, such as practising cough and respiratory etiquette, physical distancing and hand hygiene, wearing face masks, reducing the number of contacts and staying home when ill.

===11 August (20,086,067)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-clusters-and-outbreaks-occupational-settings-eueea-and-uk COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings] in the EU/EEA and the UK", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 11 August 2020.</ref>. What's new?
** Fifteen EU/EEA countries and the UK reported 1 376 clusters of COVID-19 in occupational settings which occurred between March and early July 2020.
** The majority of occupational COVID-19 clusters reported were from the health sector, however, testing of healthcare workers has been prioritised in all EU/EEA countries and the UK. Large numbers of clusters were also reported from the food packaging and processing sectors, in factories and manufacturing, and in-office settings. Fewer clusters were reported from the mining sector, however, some of these clusters have been large.
** Robust surveillance and contact tracing are essential, as are clear protocols on how to address outbreaks when they are detected.

===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 19 august 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T19:05:32Z

Bosmana: /* 10 August (19,866,418) */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/objectives-covid-19-testing-school-settings#copy-to-clipboard Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings]", a technical report <ref>Objectives for COVID-19 testing in school settings - 10 August 2020. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020.</ref>. What are highlights?
** Objectives for testing in school settings:
*** To ensure early identification of cases among students and staff in order to conduct contact tracing and initiate prevention and control measures, thereby reducing further transmission.
*** To identify infection in students and staff at high risk of developing severe disease due to underlying conditions.
*** To support investigations and studies concerning the role of children in the transmission of COVID-19.

===11 August (20,086,067)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-clusters-and-outbreaks-occupational-settings-eueea-and-uk COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings] in the EU/EEA and the UK", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 11 August 2020.</ref>. What's new?
** Fifteen EU/EEA countries and the UK reported 1 376 clusters of COVID-19 in occupational settings which occurred between March and early July 2020.
** The majority of occupational COVID-19 clusters reported were from the health sector, however, testing of healthcare workers has been prioritised in all EU/EEA countries and the UK. Large numbers of clusters were also reported from the food packaging and processing sectors, in factories and manufacturing, and in-office settings. Fewer clusters were reported from the mining sector, however, some of these clusters have been large.
** Robust surveillance and contact tracing are essential, as are clear protocols on how to address outbreaks when they are detected.

===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 19 august 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T18:49:31Z

Bosmana: /* 11 August (20,086,067) */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===

===11 August (20,086,067)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-clusters-and-outbreaks-occupational-settings-eueea-and-uk COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings] in the EU/EEA and the UK", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 11 August 2020.</ref>. What's new?
** Fifteen EU/EEA countries and the UK reported 1 376 clusters of COVID-19 in occupational settings which occurred between March and early July 2020.
** The majority of occupational COVID-19 clusters reported were from the health sector, however, testing of healthcare workers has been prioritised in all EU/EEA countries and the UK. Large numbers of clusters were also reported from the food packaging and processing sectors, in factories and manufacturing, and in-office settings. Fewer clusters were reported from the mining sector, however, some of these clusters have been large.
** Robust surveillance and contact tracing are essential, as are clear protocols on how to address outbreaks when they are detected.

===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 19 august 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T18:48:56Z

Bosmana: /* August 2020 */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===

===11 August (20,086,067)===
* ECDC publishes "COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 11 August 2020.</ref>. What's new?
** Fifteen EU/EEA countries and the UK reported 1 376 clusters of COVID-19 in occupational settings which occurred between March and early July 2020.
** The majority of occupational COVID-19 clusters reported were from the health sector, however, testing of healthcare workers has been prioritised in all EU/EEA countries and the UK. Large numbers of clusters were also reported from the food packaging and processing sectors, in factories and manufacturing, and in-office settings. Fewer clusters were reported from the mining sector, however, some of these clusters have been large.
** Robust surveillance and contact tracing are essential, as are clear protocols on how to address outbreaks when they are detected.

===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 19 august 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T18:46:28Z

Bosmana: /* August 2020 */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===

===11 August (20,086,067)===
* ECDC publishes "COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK", a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 clusters and outbreaks in occupational settings in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 11 August 2020.</ref>
===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK. Stockholm: ECDC; 19 august 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid August 2020

2020-09-18T18:41:30Z

Bosmana: /* August 2020 */

==August 2020==

===1 August (17,577,189)===

===2 August (17,844,998)===

===3 August (18,068,554)===

===4 August (18,273,086)===

===5 August (18,528,595)===

===6 August (18,806,105)===

===7 August (19,092,107)===

===8 August (19,367,998)===

===9 August (19,636,849)===

===10 August (19,866,418)===

===11 August (20,086,067)===

===12 August (20,347,332)===

===13 August (20,636,659)===

===14 August (20,923,386)===

===15 August (21,212,364)===

===16 August (21,472,106)===

===17 August (21,704,635)===

===18 August (21,901,051)===

===19 August (22,155,933)===
* ECDC publishes "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/population-wide-testing-sars-cov-2-country-experiences-and-potential-approaches#copy-to-clipboard Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK]", a technical report <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the UK Stockholm: ECDC; 2020</ref>. What's the bottom line?
** Different population-wide testing approaches have already been used in various countries, including household testing, individual testing and the testing of incoming travellers, irrespective of whether ornot they are displaying symptoms.
** Factors that need to be considered prior to implementation of any population-wide testing strategy which is to include all individuals are the epidemiological situation, costs, logistics, technical feasibility,resource availability, contract tracing capabilities, barriers to testing, potential false positivity and timely notification.
** Population-wide testing strategies can complement other public health measures and are more effective when paired with case isolation and contact tracing

===20 August (22,437,407)===

===21 August (22,713,739)===

===22 August (22,967,000)===

===23 August (23,233,872)===

===24 August (23,458,345)===

===25 August (23,669,667)===

===26 August (23,924,699)===

===27 August (24,201,342)===

===28 August (24,484,789)===

===29 August (24,761,406)===

===30 August (25,030,449)===

===31 August (25,275,752)===

= References=
<References/>

Covid September 2020

2020-09-18T18:36:21Z

Bosmana: /* 16 September (29,611,395 cases) */

==September 2020==
===1 September (25,518,158)===
===2 September (25,786,693)===
===3 September (26,069,802)===

===4 September (26,348,549)===

===5 September (26,642,029)===

===6 September (26,921,839)===

===7 September (27,170,588)===

===8 September (27,376,831)===

===9 September (27,621,430)===

===10 September (27,903,923)===

===11 September (28,241,090)===

===12 September (28,519,191)===

===13 September (28,806,290)===

===14 September (29,078,936 cases)===

===15 September (29,320,128 cases)===

===16 September (29,611,395 cases)===
* ECDC News Story: "[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/covid-19-cases-increasing-across-europe COVID-19: Cases increasing across Europe]". What's the bottom line?
** In many countries across the EU/EEA and the UK, an increase of COVID-19 cases is being observed following the lifting of lockdowns and the relaxation of preventive measures such as physical distancing.
** As schools reopen and more indoor activities are held, the increase of cases comes as a reminder that the pandemic is not over.
** Recent evidence confirms the importance of physical distancing for the prevention of person-to-person transmission. Physical distancing of one metre or more has been proven to ensure a five-fold reduction in the transmission risk, and every extra metre of distance gives twice the protective effect.
** ECDC recommends that testing efforts are maximised, with the aim of offering timely testing to all symptomatic cases, including mild ones. Along with rapid contact tracing, large-scale testing is the key to controlling transmission within a population, followed by the isolation and treatment of identified cases and the quarantining of contacts.
** Everybody has a role to play in preventing the further spread of the disease by observing simple preventive measures, including:
*** Increased hand hygiene;
*** Proper cough and respiratory etiquette;
*** Appropriate use of face masks;
*** Staying home when even mildly ill;
*** Physical distancing.

===17 September ===
* ECDC publishes [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/baseline-projections-covid-19-eueea-and-uk-update#copy-to-clipboard Baseline projections of COVID-19] in the EU/EEA and the UK. <ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Baseline projections of COVID-19 in the EU/EEA and the UK: update. 17 September 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020. </ref>. What does it say?
** The report presents projections and graphs of all EU countries but lacks an interpretation in terms of public health consequences. Was it that the authors did not dare to draw meaningful conclusions? It remains unknown

===18 September ()===
* ECDC Publishes '[https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-testing-strategies-and-objectives COVID testing Strategies]', a technical report<ref>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 testing strategies and objectives. 15 September 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.</ref>. What's in it? Selected highlights:
** Countries experiencing high SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a local community should consider testing the whole population of the affected area. This would enable identification of infectious COVID-19 cases and allow for their prompt isolation to interrupt chains of transmission. Depending on the epidemiological situation, size and population density of the affected area, such an approach could be less disruptive for society than having to introduce and ensure compliance with more stringent public health measures.
** To prevent re-introduction, countries or sub-national areas that have achieved sustained control of SARS-CoV-2 circulation should, in addition to quarantine measures, consider targeted testing and follow-up of individuals coming from other areas within the same country, or from other countries that have not yet achieved sustained control of the virus.

===19 September ()===

===20 September ()===

===21 September ()===

===22 September ()===

===23 September ()===

===24 September ()===

===25 September ()===

===26 September ()===

===27 September ()===

===28 September ()===

===29 September ()===

===30 September () ===

= References=
<References/>

Covid September 2020

2020-09-18T18:21:51Z

Bosmana: /* September 2020 */

Covid September 2020

2020-09-18T18:05:55Z

Bosmana: /* September 2020 */

Covid June 2020

2020-09-18T10:42:45Z

Bosmana: /* June 2020 */

Covid July 2020

2020-09-18T10:37:44Z

Bosmana:

==July 2020==

===1 July (10,436,498)===
===2 July (10,636,992)===
===3 July (10,845,615)===
===4 July (11,051,131)===
===5 July (11,242,525)===
===6 July (11,420,853)===
===7 July (11,595,197)===
===8 July (11,802,111)===
===9 July (12,017,363)===
===10 July (12,242,708)===
===11 July (12,474,134)===
===12 July (12,692,189)===
===13 July (12,887,890)===
===14 July (13,076,272)===
===15 July (13,299,823)===
===16 July (13,531,547)===
===17 July (13,785,944)===
===18 July (14,040,356)===
===19 July (14,270,613)===
===20 July (14,480,137)===
===21 July (14,680,879)===
===22 July (14,920,571)===
===23 July (15,202,132)===
===24 July (15,478,501)===
===25 July (15,762,372)===
===26 July (16,022,134)===
===27 July (16,254,075)===
===28 July (16,465,958)===
===29 July (16,709,555)===
===30 July (17,007,644)===
===31 July (17,298,074)===

= References=
<References/>